Motivation and emotion (6-8%)

• Instinct


  Complex behaviors have fixed patterns and are not learned (explains animal motivation)
• Drive reduction


  Physiological need creates aroused tension (drive) that motivates you to satisfy the need (driven by homeostasis: equilibrium)
• Types of drives


  • Primary drive; unlearned drive based on survival (hunger, thirst)
  • Secondary drive: learned drive (wealth or success)
• Optimum arousal


  Humans aim to seek optimum levels of arousal -easier tasks requires more arousal, harder tasks need less
• Hierarchy of needs


  Needs lower in the pyramid have priority over needs higher in the hierarchy
• Intrinsic motivation


  You do it because you like it
• Extrinsic motivation


  Motivation to obtain a reward
• Hunger


  • Stomach contractions tell us we're hungry
  • Blood glucose level is regulated by the pancreas (endocrine system)
  • Insulin decreases glucose. Too little glucose makes us hungry
  • Orexins released by the hypothalamus telling us to eat
  • Other chemicals include ghrelin, leptin, and PYY
• Lateral hypothalamus


  • When stimulated makes you hungry, when lesioned you will never eat again
• Ventromedial hypothalamus


  • When stimulated you feel full, when destroyed you eat eat eat (fat woman and cake)
• Leptin


  Signals the brain to reduce appetite
• Obesity


  • Increased risk of heart attack, hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes
  • Can be genetic-adapted children resemble their biological parents
  • Set point: there is a control system that dictates how much fat you should carry-every person is different
• Anorexia


  • Weight loss of at least 15% ideal weight, distorted body image
  • Causes: overly critical parents, perfectionist tendencies, societal ideals
• Bulimia


  • Binge-purge eating pattern (eat massive amounts, then throw up)
• Hypothalamus


  Stimulation increases sexual behavior, destruction leads to sexual inhibition
• Pituitary gland


  Monitors, initiates, and mimics hormones
• Sexual response patterns


  Excitement phase, plateau phase, orgasm, refractory period (abrice phase) (not "fire" again until you reset, guys only)
• Alfred Kinsey was the first researcher to conduct studies in sex, suggested that people were very promiscuous. Studies lacked representative sample, created scale of homosexuality
• James-Lange theory


  Stimulus -> physiological arousal -> emotion
• Cannon-Bard theory


  Stimulus -> physiological arousal & emotion
• Schachter-Singer two-factor theory


  Adds in cognitive labeling (bridge experiment)
• Some stimuli are routed directly to the amygdala bypassing the frontal cortex (direct reaction to a cockroach)
• Six basic emotions (happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust, fear) seen across ALL cultures
• Nonverbal cues


  Gestures, Duchenne smile (you can tell a real smile from a fake one)
• Facial feedback hypothesis


  Being forced to smile will make you happier (facial expressions influence emotion)
• General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

  • Three phases of a stress response: Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
• Type A personality


  Rigid, stressful person, perfectionist. At risk for heart disease
• Type B personality


  Laid back, non-stressed
• Industrial/Organizational Psychology


  • Focuses on employee recruitment, placement, training, satisfaction, productivity
• Ergonomics/Human Factors


  • Intersection of engineering and psychology - focuses on safety and efficiency of human-machine interactions
• Hawthorne effect


  Productivity increases when workers are made to feel important
• Theory X management


  Manager controls employees, enforces rules. Good for lower level jobs
• Theory Y management


  Manager gives employees responsibility, looks for input. Good for high level jobs
• Types of employee commitment


  • Affective: emotional attachment (best type)
  • Continuance: stay due to costs of leaving
  • Normative: stay due to obligation
• Meanings of work


  • Job-no training, just do it for $$. No happiness
  • Career-work for advancement. happiness
  • Calling-work because you love it. happiness
• Development is the key