Food production

• Pesticides


  A substance d for destroying insects or other organisms that are harmful to cultivated plants or animals
• Biological control


  Is the use of living organisms to suppress pest population by making them less damaging that they would be otherwise
• Advantages of pesticides


  - Improves production

  - Improves the quality of food

  - It is disease control
• Disadvantages of pesticides


  - Direct impact on humans

  - They have a direct impact on the environment

  - The contaminate the soil
• Advantages of biological control


  - Safe as there are no chemicals

  - Cost effective

  - Self sufficient energy
• Disadvantages of biological control


  - Risk of unpredictability

  - Detrimental impact on non-targeted species

  - Can reduce biodiversity

  - Can cause changes in the food web
• What are fish a source of?

  Protein
• Interspecific


  Between different species
• Infraspecific


  Between members of the same species
• Fish farms can produce a large number of fish by:


  - Maintaining water quality

  - Control of infraspecific and interspecific production

  - Control of disease

  - Removal of waste products

  - Quality of frequency of feeding

  - the use of selective breeding
• How do fish farmers maintain the water quality?


  By filtering and monitoring the pH, temperature and oxygen levels in the water, these can all be monitored with sensors and then adjusted if needed
• How do fish farmers control the infraspecific and interspecies production?


  - The use of nets preventing predation from animals of different species

  - Fish are separated by age and size to prevent older/larger fish eating the smaller/juvenile
• How do fish farmers control disease?


  - Pesticides can be used to kill pests such as sea lice or biological control

  - Antibodies can be added

  - Dead fish can be removed quickly
• How do fish farers remove waste products?

  Filtering
• How do fish farmers control the quality and frequency of feeding?


  - The fish are fed regularly

  - pellets made from smaller fish that are high in protein are used to get a maintained growth
• How do fish farmers use selective breeding?

  The healthy, large, fast growing, fed less fish are chosen for selective breeding
• What artificially device can be used to help with photosynthesise?


  - Poly tunnels

  - Glass houses
• Why is it good for plants to be kept in an enclosed place?


  - To make it easier to keep them free from pests and disease

  - It also helps to control the water supplied to the plants
• What do some farmers provide their plants to give them more time to photosynthesise?

  Artificial light
• How do farmers increase the level of carbon dioxide in glasshouses?


  By using a paraffin heater as carbon dioxide is a by-product of the paraffin
• How do farmers increase photosynthesise in glass houses?


  - Increasing temperature

  - Increasing CO2 levels

  - Increasing light availability
• Why do farmers increase the amount of photosynthesise for there plants?

  So that the plants will grow bigger and faster and crop yield will be higher
• What is fermentation?


  It is when microorganisms break sugars down to release energy (this is usually done by anaerobic respiration)
• Method for fermenting yogurt


  - The equipment is sterilised to kill of any unwanted microorganisms

  - The milk is pasteurised, then the milk is cooled

  - Lactobacillus bacteria are added and the mixture in incubated (heated to around 40*C) in a vessel called a fermenter

  - The bacteria ferments the lactose sugar in the milk to form lactic acid

  - Lactic acid causes the milk to clot, and solidify into yoghurt

  - Finally flavours and colours are added and the yoghurt is packaged
• What does it mean if the milk is pasteurised?

  Heated up to 72*C for 15 seconds to kill of unwanted organisms
• What else are microorganisms used in?


  - Insulin

  - Penicillin
• What is in fermenters that helps the microorganisms to grow and reproduce?


  A liquid of 'culture medium
• The condition is a fermenter need to be at ____ level for growth

  Optimum
• Where are the nutrients in a fermenter kept?

  In the liquid culture medium
• The __ is monitored and kept at the optimum level for the microorganisms' enzymes to work effectively

  pH
• The ____ is also monitored and kept at an optimum level, a ____, makes sure it doesn't. get too ___ that the enzymes ____

  - Temperature

  - Water-cooled jacket

  - Hot

  - Denatured
• How are microorganisms kept in control?

  With fresh medium by paddles that circulate the medium around the vessel, this increases the product yeild because microorganisms can always access the nutrients needed for growth
• What happens if the microorganisms need oxygen?


  Sterile air is pumped in
• How are the vessels sterilised?


  They are sterilised between uses of superheated steam that kills unwanted microbes, having aseptic conditions increase the product yield because the microorganisms aren't competing with other organisms, it also means that the product doesn't get contaminated
• What is bread dough made from?


  - Yeast

  - Flour

  - Water

  - A bit of sugar
• Why is the dough left in a warm place?

  To rise
• What does the carbohydrates in the flour gets broken down into by enzymes?


  Sugars
• What does the yeast do with these sugars?


  Uses then in aerobic respiration to produce carbon dioxide
• What does the yeast do when the oxygen runs out?


  It switches to anaerobic respiration which is also known as fermentation
• What does fermentation produce?

  Carbon dioxide and ethanol