Reproduction

• A seed will be ___ until the ___ needed for ___ are ___

  Dormat

  Conditions

  Germination

  Correct
• What are the conditions that need to be correct for a seed to germinate?


  - Water

  - Oxygen

  - Temperature
• Why is water a condition for germination?

  Because it is needed to activate enzymes that break down starch into glucose
• Why is oxygen a condition for germination?

  Because it is needed for respiration, this will provide energy for growth
• Why is temperature a condition for germination?

  Because it is needed for the enzyme to work
• What is reproduction?


  The production of offspring which allows organisms to survive and not become extinct
• What are the types of reproduction?


  - Asexual reproduction

  - Sexual reproduction
• What type of product can humans do?


  Sexual reproduction
• What type of reproduce can plants do?


  - Asexual reproduction

  - Sexual reproduction
• What is asexual reproduction?


  - It involves a single parent and produces genetically identical offspring called clones

  - This is a form or rapid reproduction, a male does not have to be found
• Examples of asexual reproduction:


  - Potatoes plant develop tubers which can grow into a new plant

  - Daffodils develop into bulbs

  - Spider plants develop into plantlets

  - Strawberries develop into runners which can grow into new plants

  This can naturally occur in some plants
• How can we carry out artificial asexual reproduction?

  Cuttings
• Advantages of cuttings?


  Quick and cheap
• Cutting method


  - Take a healthy plant and cut off a small length of stem, this stem should have leaves on it

  - Dip the end of the cut stem into hormone rooting powder

  - Put the stem into a flowering pot full of compost

  - Cover the pot with a plastic bag to keep it moist

  - This will grow into a new plant
• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants

  Pollination -> Fertilisation -> Seed dispersal
• What is pollination?


  - This is the transfer of pollen from an anther to the stigma

  - Flowers are adapted for cross pollination by insects and wind
• What are the male reproductive parts of a plant?


  - Anther

  - Filament

  - Pollen
• What is the male sex cell in a plant?

  Pollen
• What makes up the stamen?


  - Anther

  - Filament
• What are the female reproductive parts of a plant?


  - Stigma

  - Style

  - Ovary

  - Ovule
• What is the female plant sex cell?


  Ovule
• What makes up the carpel?


  - Stigma

  - Style

  - Ovary
• How do some plants adapt for insect pollination?


  - Bright coloured petals

  - Anther and stigma are enclosed

  - Pollen is large and heavy
• How do some plants adapt for wind pollination?


  - Anther and stigma enclosed

  - Insufficient petals

  - Pollen is smaller and lighter
• Method for fertilisation


  - A pollen grain lands on the stigma of a flower

  - A pollen tube grows out of the pollen grain down to the ovary and into the ovule

  - The nucleus from the pollen grain travels down the tube and then fuses with the nucleus of the ovule (this is fertilisation)

  - The fertilised ovule develops into a seed

  - The ovary develops into a fruit around the seed
• Gametes


  Are sex cells that contain 23 chromosomes in their nucleus
• Ova


  Are female gametes
• How long does it take 1 ovum to produce from an ovary?

  28 days
• Sperm


  - Made in the testes all the time after puberty

  - Much smaller then ovum

  - Many released, to improve chances of fertilisation
• Ovum


  - Produced every 28 days from an ovary

  - Much larger than sperm

  - 1 released at a time
• Parts of the human female reproductive system?


  - Oviduct/fallopian tube

  - Uterus

  - Ovary

  - Cervix

  - Vagina

  - Uterus wall
• How long is the average menstrual cycle?

  21-35 days
• What happens on day 1 of the menstrual cycle?

  The lining starts to break down and the period starts
• What happens on day 7 of the menstrual cycle?


  Lining builds up in case the egg is fertilised
• What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

  Ovulation occurs, an egg is released
• What happens on day 28 of the menstrual cycle?


  The lining is maintained if the egg is fertilised or if not the lining breaks down and the cycle restarts
• Ovulation


  The point where an egg is releases, this is around day 14 when the lining has built up
• What hormones control the menstrual cycle?


  - Oestrogen

  - Progesterone

  - FSH

  - LH
• What does FSH stand for?

  Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
• What does LH stand for?

  Luteinising Hormone