Reproduction

• Reproduction


  It is a biological process by which an organism reproduces an offspring who is biologically similar to the organism.
• Asexual Reproduction


  It refers to the type of reproduction in which only a single organism gives rise to a new individual.
• Sexual Reproduction


  It is a type of reproduction that involves the production of an offspring by the fusion of male and female gametes.
• Vegetative Reproduction


  It occurs when a new plant grows off an existing part of an old plant.
• Bulb


  Specialized Stems

  
• Tuber


  Specialized Stems

  
• Rhizome


  Specialized Stems

  
• Runner


  Specialized Stems

  
• Corm


  Specialized Stems

  
• Spore Formation / Sporogenesis / Sporulation


  In this type of reproduction, a new organism grows from the spores. These can be created without fertilization and can spread through wind and animals.
• Micropropagation


  An explant is taken from a plant and allowed to grow in a nutrient medium under controlled conditions in the laboratory. The cells divided rapidly and form an unorganized mass of cells. This unorganized mass of cells is known as a callus. The callus is transferred to another nutrient medium to facilitate the differentiation of different parts of the plant. The plantlets are then transferred to the fields.
• The reproductive parts of plants are flowers.
• Stamen


  Male
• Pistil


  Female
• Pollen grains form the male gametes.
• The pistil consists of style, stigma, and the ovary.
• Ovules are where female gametes or the egg is formed.
• Flowers


  It is also called angiosperms, use a sexual mode of reproduction. Reproduction in plants, mainly revolves around it, which has both the male and the female gametes.
• Hermaphrodite


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• Male


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• Sepals


  Protect the unopened flower
• Petals


  May be brightly colored to attract insects
• Stamens


  The male part of the flower (each consists of an anther held up on a filament)
• Anther


  This is a four-lobed sac-like structure responsible for pollen formation. Produce male sex cells (pollen grains)
• Filaments


  These thread-like structures are attached to the anther, and they keep the anther in place.
• Ovary


  The ovary is a chamber where ovules (eggs) are stored, waiting for fertilization.
• Stigma


  It is attached to the top of the carpel, where the pollen from other flowers lands.
• Style


  It is a tubular structure that connects the ovary and the stigma. It is responsible for the transportation of pollen from the stigma to the ovary and holding the stigma in place.
• Pollination


  When pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of a flower through carriers such as insects.
• Fertilization


  A zygote is formed as a result of the fusion of gametes which later develops into the embryo.
• Female


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• Stage of a Plant Life Cycle

  1. Seed
  2. Germination
  3. Growth
  4. Reproduction
  5. Pollinating
  6. Spreading of Seeds
• Oviparity


  The fertilized eggs are laid outside, where they receive nourishment from the yolk. e.g. birds
• Ovoviviparity


  The fertilized eggs are retained in the female’s body where they receive nourishment from the yolk. The eggs are laid right before they are hatched. e.g. shark
• Viviparity


  The offsprings are born directly instead of hatching from the eggs. They receive nutrition from the mother. This can be seen in mammals. e.g. humans, cats and dogs
• Internal Fertilization


  The fertilization that takes place inside the body of the female. This method is more prevalent in terrestrial animals. However, some aquatic animals also adopt this method.
• External Fertilization


  It usually occurs in aquatic environments where both eggs and sperm are released into the water. After the sperm reaches the egg, fertilization takes place.
• Binary Fission


  One parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells.
• Budding


  In this, a small bud-like outgrowth gives rise to a new individual. The outgrowth remains attached to the organism until it is fully grown.
• Fragmentation


  In this the parent organisms splits into several parts and each part grows into a new individual.