Nutrition and Gas Exchange

• Carbohydrates


  The basic source of energy for all animals
• Glucose


  The carbohydrate most often used as an energy source
• Nutrients


  Chemical element or compounds found in food that provide energy, promote growth, and allow for the maintenance of body function
• Proteins


  Complex nutrients mainly used to develop and repair muscles, skin, hair, and nerves and also form the framework of the animal body
• Nucleic acids


  Used for the construction of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and ATP
• Vitamins


  Provide defense against disease, are antioxidants, promote growth, and promote reproduction
• Vitamins: A, D, E, K, 


  fat soluble
• Vitamins: B and C


  water soluble
• Lipids


  Used to form cellular and organelle membranes, the sheaths surrounding nerve fibers, and certain hormones
• Fats


  A type of lipid that are extremely useful energy sources
• Nutrients used by animals

  Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, minerals, and vitamins
• Minerals


  These are required by animals and include phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, magnesium, and zinc
• Herbivores


  Animals that eat only plants
• Omnivores


  consume both plants and animals
• Carnivores


  Animals that eat only other animals
• Two important modes of nutrition

  Autotrophic and Heterotrophic nutrition
• Types of Heterotrophic nutrition


  Parasitic, Insectivorous, Saprophytic, Symbiotic Nutrition
• Parasitic Nutrition


  Heterotrophic plants depend on other plants and animals for nutrition but the host doesn't benefit from the parasite
• Insectivorous Nutrition


  Plants that have this type of nutrition have special structural features that help them to trap insects and digest them by secreting digestive juices and absorb the nutrients
• Saprophytic Nutrition


  Derive nutrition from dead and decaying plants and animals
• Symbiotic Nutrition


  When two different plants belonging to two different categories show a close association and benefit from each other
• Breathing


  The physical action of taking air into the system and releasing gaseous waste
• Respiration


  The entire process of taking air into the system, exchanging needed gases for unnecessary gases, using the needed gases, and releasing the waste form of gases
• The 4 types of gas exchange systems

  Integumentary exchange, Gills, Tracheal systems, Lungs
• Integumentary exchange


  Gas exchange that occurs through the skin
• Cutaneous respiration


  This type of gas exchange system is exhibited by earthworms.
• Cutaneous respiration


  A form of respiration in which gas exchange occurs across the skin or outer integument of an organism rather than gills or lungs.
• Gills


  Animals that live in water have this and they are extensions of their outer membranes which exchange gases in water environments
• Tracheal systems


  This type of gas exchange system is used by insect
• Lungs


  This type of gas exchange is found in land animals
• Nostrils -> nasal cavity -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> air sacs


  The pathway air goes through when we breathe in air
• Order of the processes that take place in the alimentary canal

  Ingestion, digestion, absorption, egestion
• Ingestion


  The taking in of nutrients
• Digestion


  In this process, the larger food particles are broken down into smaller, water-soluble particles. There are physical or chemical ways for this to happen.
• Absorption


  The digested food is absorbed in the bloodstream through the intestinal wall.
• Assimilation


  The absorbed food is used for energy, growth and repair of the cells of the body.
• Egestion


  The undigested food is removed out of the body in the feces.
• Amoeba


  Ingests its food with the help of pseudopodia
• Gas exchange


  The process whereby water vapor and oxygen leave, and carbon dioxide enters plant leaves
• Stomata


  This is where plant’s exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through pores in the leaves