Transport/Circulation

• Xylem


  Transports water
• Phloem


  Transports food and nutrients
• Fluids circulate through transpiration pull, or the evaporation of water from the plant's leaves.
• Blood is forcefully pumped throughout the body by the heart.
• About 90% of water is transported through the blood plasma.
• Food in the form of glucose is present in blood plasma.
• Gases are diffused through the air spaces, such as the stomata and lenticels.
• In mammals, oxygen is taken into the bloodstream by combining with the blood protein called hemoglobin. This enables the oxygen to be circulated throughout the body. Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, is also taken into the bloodstream by combining with hemoglobin, so it can be transported out of the body.
• Tracheids


  Elongated cells in the xylem that help in the transport of water and nutrients.
• Sieve tubes


  Elongated cells in the phloem that serve as conduits of sugar transport
• Blood vessels


  tubular structures carrying blood
• Heart


  hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the different parts of the body
• Functions of Blood

  1. Transports gases and nutrients
  2. Carries wastes out of the body
  3. Regulates the organism's body temperature and pH
  4. Helps in healing and prevention of further damage
  5. Plays an important role in the immune system
• Cohesion


  Hydrogen bonds between water molecules causes this
• The circulation of blood

  Heart > Arteries > Arterioles > Capillaries > Venules > Veins > Heart
• The water potential of a plant cell 


  Sum of the pressure potential and solute potential
• Common feature that amphibians and humans

  Number of circuits for circulation
• Difference between amphibian and mammal hearts

  In the ventricle in the amphibian heart, internal channels reduce mixing of blood
• Urea


  Humans excrete their excess nitrogenous wastes as