midterm

• Globalization


  The process of increasing economic interdependence among nations, reflected in the growth of cross-border trade in goods and services
• Ideas like goods and services also flow across borders and their globalization is well underway
• Idea


  A set of instructions to produce a new good, to increase quality or to reduce costs
• An idea is different from a good or a service because it is nonrival - it can be used by different producers simultaneously
• An idea is not scarce in the same way that a good or service is scarce
• Measuring the impact of imported ideas on a country's economic well-being is challenging because ideas are intangible
• Imported ideas arrive in a physical form, mostly as new capital goods, whose impact on economic growth can be measured
• Idea


  • Nonrival - can be used by unlimited number of people simultaneously
  • Not scarce like a good or service
• The global flows of ideas is apparent in technologies like computers, smartphones, e-readers, mp3/mp4 players that fill our everyday lives
• Measuring the production of ideas and their flow is not easy because ideas are intangible
• Patent filings


  Indirect evidence of new ideas
• Cross-border patenting, the patenting of an idea in several countries, can help trace the flow of ideas
• Idea production has taken off in the developing BRIC economies, and idea imports and exports have grown substantially
• Ideas are great engines of economic growth because everybody can use them simultaneously, and the cost of creating a new set of instructions can be used over and over again at no additional cost
• The flow of an idea is as important as the idea itself, and ideas become more valuable as the number of users increases
• Culture


  The unified style of human knowledge, beliefs, and behavior from which people learn, and the ability to communicate knowledge to the next generations
• The media have an important impact on cultural globalization by providing an extensive transnational transmission of cultural products and contributing to the formation of communicative networks and social structures
• Five stages of media development


  • Oral communication
  • Script
  • Printing press
  • Electronic media
  • Digital media
• Media


  A carrier of culture, a tool for the interaction of people with different cultures
• Outcomes of the influence of globalization on culture


  • Cultural differentialism
  • Cultural convergence
  • Cultural hybridity
• Cultural differentialism


  Views cultural difference as immutable, leading to a clash of civilizations
• Cultural convergence


  Suggests that globalization engenders a growing sameness of cultures, with the culture of powerful and progressive countries becoming dominant
• Cultural hybridity


  The mixing and merging of cultures resulting in the creation of new cultural forms
• Glocalization


  The continuous accommodation and assimilation by local cultures of the cultures of the world due to globalization
• Most known religions across the world

  • Christianity
  • Islam
  • Hinduism
  • Buddhism
  • Confucianism
• eria such as emission standards, the side of steering wheels (left or right)
• Another is global fast-food chain offering geographically specific menu items that cater to local taste
• Religion


  A collection of cultural systems, beliefs systems, and world views that establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and to moral values
• Religion


  The belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a god or gods
• Religion


  A cultural system or designated behaviors or practices even morals, prophecies, ethics, organizations that relates humanity to supernatural transcendental or spiritual elements
• Malaysian government places religion at the center of their political system
• The most known religions across the world


  • Christianity
  • Islam
  • Hinduism
  • Buddhism
  • Confucianism
  • Taoism
  • Judaism
• Religions epitomises the definition of globalization due to the fact that it can be spread more efficiently than ever before through the use of different technological tools
• It is now possible for every religion to spread beyond national borders allowing even small new religious movements to engage in overseas activities and leading to a new, unseen religious developments
• Small religious developments are also spreading thanks to the celebrities for advertising them
• Tools of uniting people all over the world on religious basis


  • Books
  • Movies
  • Cell phone apps
  • Social networks
  • Charity funds
  • Special internet sites
  • Religious schools
• Types of Religious Organizations


  • Cults
  • Sects
  • Denomination
  • Ecclesia
• The 21st century is a hub for the closer relation of states and for a wider perspective in technological development
• Globalization made nations closer to each other
• Global city


  A hub for production, finance, and telecommunications