changing structure of urban settlements

• bid-rent model:

  • functional zoning occurs when buildings with the same function cluster together, sometimes required by law
  • spacial competition is governed by bid-rent, as the land use that bids the most gets the land
  • physical factors and government actions affect this model
  • land value decreases further from the city
  • shops and office afford highest rent, followed by industry, then residences
• burgess model (1925) assumptions:

  • uniform land space
  • free competition for space
  • universal access to a single centred city
  • continuing in-migration to the city
• changing accessibility and lifestyle in MICs/LICs:

  • suburban lifestyle of larger house and garden is many people's dream
  • increased number of commutes by car (66% now, whereas 50% in 1980)
  • journey time has increased by 50% since 1980
  • increased car ownership increases service access
  • need for improvement of road infrastructure to stop congestion
  • more pollution
  • more roads causes more congestion and replaces public transport
• changes in population density in HIC cities:

  • population density gradient reduces as the city extends outwards
  • population density in the CBD increases then decreases
  • population density in inner-city residential zones increases then decreases
  • zone of maximum population density moves outwards
• Hoyt's model - based on transport routes:

  • industry develops along major roads or rivers
  • industry and high-class residential zones are never next to each other, as there is always a buffer zone
  • once areas of land use are established they grow outwards
• Harris and Ullman multiple nuclei model:

  • more than one growth point
  • old villages merge or are engulfed by growth of the city
  • newer industrial estates make new points
  • certain activities group together
  • residential suburbs are taken into account
• Latin American city:

  • CBD is old colonial centre
  • commercial line of shops extend from the CBD along transport routes
  • high-class residential around spine
  • industry near CBD for power and water, with a spine extending outwards
  • zone of maturity with better residences around CBD
  • zone of active improvement has a variety of housing at different stages of development
  • squatter zone with recent migrants
• cars in LICs and MICs:

  • cars are bought faster than roads can be built
  • lots of congestion and pollution
  • local protest groups form
  • some governments introduce legislation
• solutions to congestion:

  • planning of city growth
  • increased public transport use
  • high levels of government investment which often isn't possible
• factors affecting the location of urban activities:

  • market forces - supply and demand dictates prices (bid-rent model)
  • local or central government
  • over-rule decisions for public good e.g. nightclubs in residential areas
  • plans for where schools, hospitals and parks need to be
  • compulsory purchase issues can be ordered e.g. to build a new road
• change of location of retailing and services:

  • low rent on brownfield sites good for retails that require lots of space
  • larger department stores on greenfield sites on rural-urban fringe
  • lots of cheap land
  • easy to drive and park
  • anchors stores attract customers and businesses
  • CBD becomes run-down due to downwards spiral of decline
  • online shopping reduces need for shops
  • 14% of shops were empty in the UK in 2013
• change of location of companies and administration:

  • administrative offices move away from CBD
  • no accessibility, parking and expensive
  • internet reduces need to be close to other offices
• change of location of manufacturing:

  • HICs have post-industrial cities where industry in the centre is closed down
  • cramped, small, expensive, planning restrictions
  • new industrial areas are built on greenfield sites
  • good road access for workers living in suburbs
• changes in population density in LIC and MIC cities:

  • continual rise over time in the central population density
  • stable gradients as the city extends outwards with constant increases in density