from REVIEWER

• Autotroph


  Organisms that can produce their own food, using materials from inorganic sources
• Heterotroph


  Organism that cannot manufacture its own food by carbon fixation and therefore derives its intake of nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter
• Organic compounds


  Any of a large class of chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen
• Inorganic compounds


  typically a chemical compound that lacks carbon–hydrogen bonds
• Consumer


  Living creatures that eat organisms from a different population
• Producer

  Organisms that make their own food; they are also known as autotrophs
• Saprophytic

  Organisms that consume decaying organic matter
• Photoautotrophic nutrition


  Light energy is used to convert simple substances to complex organic compounds
• Chemoautotrophic nutrition

  The oxidation of inorganic compounds is used as an energy source for the conversion of simple inorganic compounds to complex organic compounds
• Parasitic organisms


  Organisms live on or inside other living organisms called hosts and obtain their food from them
• Holozoic organisms


  Ingest food that is mechanically broken down and is subsequently digested by enzymes produced within the organism
• Asexual reproduction

  Results in new organisms formed by mitotic cell division producing offspring that are genetically similar to their parents
• Sexual reproduction


  Involves the fusion of gametes or sex cells from two parent organisms which are produced through meiosis
• Reproduction is essentially a process by which individuals produce new individuals of the same kind
• Types of asexual reproduction

  • Fission
  • Fragmentation
  • Budding
  • Vegetative reproduction

  
• Fission


  Occurs when a parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells of the same size
• Fragmentation


  Occurs when a parent organism breaks into fragments, or pieces, and each fragment develops into a new organism
• Budding


  Occurs when a parent cell forms a bubble-like bud. The bud stays attached to the parent cell while it grows and develops. When the bud is fully developed, it breaks away from the parent cell and forms a new organism
• Vegetative reproduction

  Occurs when new individuals are formed without the production of seeds or spores
• External fertilization


  Occurs in aquatic animals where the gametes are released from both the male and female animals, and the fusion takes place outside the body
• Internal fertilization


  Observed among terrestrial animals, is a strategy used to prevent dehydration of the gametes on land
• Blood vessels


  Are the channels or conduits through which blood is distributed to body tissues
• Capillaries

  Are tiny blood-containing structures that connect arterioles to venules. They are the smallest and most abundant form of a blood vessel in the body

  
• Lungs

  a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest
• Heart

  Heart pumps blood through the network of arteries and veins
• Arteries

  Are thicked walled vessels which allow the passage of oxygenated blood, except the pulmonary artery
• Veins

  Are thin walled vessels compared to arteries, carry non-oxygenated blood towards the heart, except for the pulmonary vein
• Blood


  Carry nutrients and oxygen to the cells of the body and carry away carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste from the body cells
• Valves


  Prevent the backward flow of blood
• Heart valves

  • Pulmonary valve
  • Tricuspid valve
  • Mitral valve
  • Aortic valve
• Chambers


  Work together in a continuous and coordinated effort to keep oxygen-rich blood circulating throughout your body
• Heart chambers


  • Right atrium
  • Right ventricle
  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle
• Systole


  Occurs when the heart contracts to pump blood out
• Diastole


  Occurs when the heart relaxes after contraction
• Xylem


  Transport water from roots to stems and leaves, but it also transports nutrients; transport water from roots all throughout the plant body
• Phloem


  Transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis; transport food from leaves all throughout the plant body
• Turgor pressure


  Force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall
• Radial rays


  Tissues that function in the radial distribution of food
• Apoplast

  Includes movement through the cell walls and the spaces between cells
• Symplast


  Water and minerals pass through a continuum of cytoplasm between cells which is called plasmodesma (plural, plasmodesmata). Once inside the cell, water and minerals can move from cell to cell without passing through the cell membrane but only from plasmodesma to plasmodesma