Lesson 3

• Have you ever experienced looking at your surroundings from a building/house’s rooftop?

  Philosophy as Speculation or Speculative Thinking
• It means "using your senses and mind to be able to grasp the act of philosophizing itself." (aura towards other people)


  Philosophical subjects
• Speculation is derived from the Latin word “specula”, which means "watch tower."
• Example of senses are:

  • Instinct
  • Body Language
• It implies a vision above that of an ordinary person. (partial point of view)


  Speculation
• Speculation as a philosophical method allows you to -by encouraging you to see the bigger picture (or the bird's eye view).


  • Expand your perspective and way of thinking
• Speculation as a Philosophical Method, allows you to remove Subjection (Hated of one concept), as it requires Expansion of the mind.
• To criticize means to “Judge” and/or to "analyze".
• Philosophy, as critical thinking or analysis, helps: any and all principles and premises that may be gained through speculation.


  • Questions
  • Judges
  • Evaluates
• The wrong critization or evaluation leading to wrong reasoning.


  Fallacy Statement
• In correcting statements, you need basis or proof.
• A speculative insight through rational inquiry allows one to gain clarity of knowledge and insights that are more valuable because they are tempered(bounded) by reason and dialectic.
• Through critical analysis, insights are validated as well.
• A speculative insight through rational inquiry allows one to gain clarity of knowledge and insights that are more valuable because they are tempered(bounded) by reason and dialectic.

  Philosophy as Critical Thinking or Analysis
• 2 Mode of Critical Analysis

  1. LOGICAL ANALYSIS
  2. LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
• Philosophical problems are solved through a careful analysis of the logical structure of the philosophical assertions.


  LOGICAL ANALYSIS
• In logical analysis, a statement is reduced into its simplest form, called “elementary sentence”, which is then verified through observation.
• The meanings of words are analyzed for their clarity and consistency.


  LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
• Linguistic analysis requires a: -to avoid ambiguity or vagueness and therefore ensures clarity of claims.


  Clear Definition of Words
• In Linguistic Analysis, it chooses words depending on the situation.
• On Philosophy as a Reflective Inquiry, According to John Dewey, "Experience is the best teacher" or “Learning by doing”
• It requires attitudes that value the personal growth of oneself and of others.

  Reflective Thinking
• Reflective thinking is educative in value – “meaning making”
• Reflective thinking is:

  • Systematic
  • Rigorous
  • Disciplined
  • Rooted on scientific inquiry
• Reflective thought is better experienced in interaction with others and aims at change happening not only for the person involved but eventually for others and the society
• 6 Phases of reflective inquiry

  1. The experience
  2. Spontaneous interpretation of the experience
  3. Naming of the problems or questions that arise
  4. Generation of possible explanations
  5. Ramification of the explanations into full-blown hypotheses
  6. Experimentation of the hypotheses
• The six phases of reflection make up the rigorous and systematic process one may go through to achieve a clear and comprehensive idea about a particular subject that arises from one’s experience.
• Reflection is a continuous learning process, philosophizing is a lifetime activity if you continue to wonder, be curious and interest yourself with understanding the world as you experience it until a new science arises from a definitive answer.