Module 7-Global City

• Global city


  An urban center that enjoys significant competitive advantages and that serves as a hub within a globalized economic system
• Global city


  • Significant production point of specialized financial and producer services that make the globalized economy run
  • Emerged due to expansion of transnational corporations and decline of mass production along fordist lines
• Sociologist Saskia Sassen popularized the term "global city" in the 1990s
• Sassen initially identified three global cities: New York, London, and Tokyo
• Globalization


  A spatial phenomenon that occurs in physical spaces
• As globalization happens


  More poor people are driven out of city centers to make way for new developments
• More land is being reclaimed for industrialization
• Cities act on globalization and globalization acts on cities
• Attributes of a global city


  • Economic power
  • Political power
  • Cultural power
  • Industrial power
• Global cities


  • New York
  • Tokyo
  • Paris
  • London
• Types of global cities


  • Global Giants
  • Asian Anchors
  • Emerging Gateways
  • Factory China
  • Knowledge Capitals
  • American Middleweights
  • International Middleweights

  
• Global cities conjure up images of fast-paced, exciting, cosmopolitan lifestyles, but such descriptions are lacking
• American Middleweights


  • Orlando
  • Sacramento
  • Phoenix
  • Miami
  • Charlotte
• Global cities conjure up images of fast-paced, exciting, cosmopolitan lifestyles. But such descriptions are lacking.
• Cities can be sustainable because of their density, as Richard Florida notes: Ecologists have found that by concentrating their populations in smaller areas, cities and metros decrease human encroachment on natural habitats.
• In cities with extensive public transportation systems, people tend to drive less and thereby cut carbon emissions.
• Some cities like Los Angeles are urban sprawls, with massive freeways that force residents to spend money on cars and gas.
• And while cities like Manila, Bangkok, and Mumbai are dense, their lack of public transportation and their governments' inability to regulate their car industries have made them extremely polluted.
• Cities, especially those with global influence, are obvious targets for terrorists due to their high populations and their role as symbols of globalization that many terrorists despise.
• Demography


  The study of human populations — their size, composition and distribution across space — and the process through which populations change.
• Demography


  • Births, deaths and migration are the 'big three' of demography, jointly producing population stability or change
  • A population's composition may be described in terms of basic demographic features — age, sex, family and household status —and by features of the population's social and economic context — language, education, occupation, ethnicity, religion, income and wealth
  • The distribution of populations can be defined at multiple levels (local, regional, national, global) and with different types of boundaries (political, economic, geographic)
• Macro Demography


  Studies demography in a large scale, studies the causes of slow or rapid grow of birth rate, population, sex ratio, and health conditions, etc.
• Micro Demography


  Studies demography in a narrow scale, studies demography as a small unit like individual, family, or group
• Macro Demography


  • role of vaccination reduction of small pox, polio regional differences in infant mortality; causes of mortality in the country
• Micro Demography


  • some communities have reservation against polio vaccination Role of education in public health awareness; do parents discriminate sons and daughter in matters relating to their health and education?
• Macro Demography


  • net migration rate by regions, type of migration in Asia, migration and individual development, sex difference in migration
• Micro Demography


  • individual and family decisions behind migration, impact of immigration from one to another village or state, why is migration rate high with educated people, how has rural economy been affected by rural-urban migration?
• Macro Demography


  • the relation between birth rate and economic development, urbanization and industrialization, the differences in birth rate between rural and urban population, religion and birth control etc.
• Micro Demography


  • what is an ideal family size? Cost of rearing a child, family planning awareness and interest in birth control, need for education and aspiration for children
• Demographic Transition Theory


  A generalized description of the changing pattern of mortality, fertility, and growth rates as societies move from one demographic regime to another
• Birth Rate


  Total percentage of babies being born in a country relative to its population
• Fertility Rate


  Average number of children born to a woman over a specific length of time
• Death Rate (Mortality Rate)

  The percentage of people who die relative to the country's population
• Stages of Demographic Transition


  1. Stage 1 (High Stationary)

  2. Stage 2 (Early Expanding)

  3. Stage 3 (Late Expanding)

  4. Stage 4 (Late Stationary)

  5. Stage 5 (Declining)
• Internal Migration


  Refers to people moving from one area to another within one country
• International Migration


  Refers to people crossing borders of one country to another
• Types of International Migrants


  • Legal immigrants
  • Illegal immigrants
  • Refugees
• Migration


  The process by which people leave a country to settle in another country
• Two Types of Migration


  • Internal migration
  • International migration
• Internal migration


  People moving from one area to another within one country, a change of residence within national boundaries