health + medicine

• medival era

  500-1500
• early modern era

  1500-1750
• industrial era

  1750-1900
• modern era

  1900-present
• how did medieval towns spread disease? (3)

  straw floors perfect breeding ground for mice/rats/fleas, animals roam the streets, houses very close together
• what did people believe caused the black death? (6)

  an earthquake in china, the way the planets aligned, jewish people had poisoned the water, bad smells, unbalanced four humors, punishment from god
• how did medieval warfare cause disease?

  many wounds were left untreated and became infected. in the battle of Townton 1461, an estimated 22000 to 28000 were killed while fighting.
• what did people believe caused the great plague? (5)

  evil spirits, being near sick people, bad smells, unbalanced four humors, punishment from god
• how did industrial towns spread disease/ cause illness? (4)

  children working dangerous jobs, overcrowded, lack of fresh air and sunlight, housing very cramped
• how much of the population did TB affect in the 19th century?

  15%
• what theory did people mostly use to explain cholera?

  miasma theory
• how did the spanish flu spread?

  through soldiers within close quarters, especially through the allied forces
• why was the spanish flu so deadly?

  your own immune system killed you so many healthy adults died, kept mutating into different varients
• what percentage of the world population was killed by the spanish flu?

  3-6%
• how is AIDS transmitted

  through bodily fluids such as sexual fluids or blood
• why is AIDS compared to the black death? (3)

  minority group blamed for it, people believed it was a punishment from god, originated from animals
• what are the four humors?

  blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile
• prevention in the medieval era

  mother shipton and other soothsayers, alchemy, prayer
• what was the average life expectancy in the 19th century?

  36
• who invented the vaccination and for what disease?

  edward jenner, smallpox
• who was the first person to recieve a vaccination?

  james philips, a young boy who was injected with cowpox to prevent him from getting smallpox
• what is a laissez-faire government?

  one who do very little to help people as they don't want people to rely on them that much
• what was carbolic acid used for and who was used first by?

  it was used to sterilise wounds and surgical instruments, Joseph Lister
• how much was Joseph Lister's surgical mortality rate lowered by when he used carbolic acid?

  46% to 15% in three years
• who first wore an early version of surgical gowns?

  William Halstead
• modern attempts to prevent illness and disease

  MMR vaccine, and vaccines more widespread however still some debates.
• what did barber surgeons do? (5)

  pull teeth, mend broke limbs, minor surgery, blood letting and cut hair
• example of a herbel remedie:

  a mixture of hemlock, honey and wine used as an antiseptic
• were medieval herbal remedies useful?

  some were but the cause of why was unknown
• what were medieval beliefs on zodiac signs?

  they believed each part of the body was linked to each sign and treating the patient under the correct sign would help treatment
• two ways of bloodletting:

  leeches and cupping
• which two elements did marie curie discover?

  polonium and radium
• what did marie curie help discover/ research? (2)

  radiotherapy/ cancer treatment and x-rays
• when and by who was penecilin discovered?

  1928, Alexander Fleming
• what is the problem with penecillin?

  over-used, especially in the 80s e.g. put into lipstick and now many strains of bacteria are immune
• who helped mass produce penecillin?

  Florey and Chain
• when was the first face transplant in the USA?

  2010
• when and by who was the first heart transplant done?

  1967, Christiaan Barnard
• what can modern alternate medicine be compared to?

  medieval era, for example use of herbal treatments. acupuncture which dates back to 100BC is also an ancient treatment still used in modern day.
• what did Galen do to learn about anatomy and what was a disadvantage to this?

  he dissected animals however limits full knowledge of human anatomy