fruit and seed part 2

• Fruit


  Fleshy or dry ripened ovary of a flowering plant, enclosing the seed or seeds
• Fleshy fruits


  • Tomato - Fleshy fruit with pericarp (ovary walls) and placenta (soft tissue where seeds are attached)
  • Plum/Prunus - Classified as drupe, fleshy fruit with hard endocarp (seed), mesocarp (flesh), and thin exocarp (skin)

  
• Dry fruits


  • Samara - Winged fruit (e.g. Narra, Maple)
  • Legumes - Dry fruits that open along two surfaces
• False fruits (pseudocarp)


  • Apple - Flesh developed from hypanthium
  • Strawberry - Develops from receptacle
• Classification of fruits


  • Simple fruit - Fleshy (Pome, Drupe, Berry), Dry indehiscent (Samara, Achene, Nut, Caryopsis, Schizocarp), Dry dehiscent (Legume, Capsule, Silicle, Silique, Follicle)
  • Compound fruit - Aggregate fruit, Multiple fruit

  
• Pome fruit structure


  • Berry-like, much of the flesh is accessory tissue outside the ovary wall, core containing seeds develops from the ovary
• Drupe fruit structure


  • Exocarp - Outer thin skin
  • Mesocarp - Middle fleshy layer, can be fibrous
  • Endocarp - Hard inner layer surrounding the seed

  
• Berry fruit structure


  • Fleshy pericarp, thin exocarp, may contain one or more seeds, examples include tomato, pepper, grapes, banana, avocado
• Hesperidium


  • Leathery rind/peel
• Pepo


  • Hard wall surrounding softer interior, lots of seeds, no interior partitions
• Aggregate fruit


  • From numerous simple carpels in a single flower, some dry fruits attached to fleshy receptacle, others an aggregation of simple fleshy fruits (drupes)

  
• Multiple fruit


  • Individual ovaries of many separate flowers clustered together, e.g. pineapple
• Accessory fruit


  Not derived from the floral ovary but from adjacent tissue exterior to the carpel, a false fruit (pseudocarp)

  
• Dry indehiscent fruits


  • Achene, Samara, Caryopsis, Nut, Schizocarp
• Dry dehiscent fruits


  • Legume, Follicle, Capsule, Silique, Silicle
• Dicot seed structure


  • Cotyledon - Supplies nutrition to the embryo
• Monocot seed structure


  • Endosperm - Big and source of nutrition
  • Scutellum - Cotyledon in corn, stores proteins/lipids/sugars, involved in gibberellin synthesis and endosperm digestion
  • Aleurone - Stored protein
  • Coleoptile - Protective sheet covering emerging shoot
  • Plumule - Rudimentary shoot/stem
  • Coleorhiza - Protective covering of embryonic root
• Types of seed germination

  • Epigeal - Germination above ground due to hypocotyl elongation
  • Hypogeal - Cotyledons remain in soil due to epicotyl elongation
• Modes of seed dispersal


  • Epizoochory - Seeds attached to animal hair/hooves
  • Endozoochory - Seeds eaten/ingested by animals but remain viable
  • Bursting
  • Wind