AC4.1

• Advantages of Drug Therapy

  COUPPIS (2008) - Some offenders may have increased dopamine & so seek out such experiences again due to the feeling of rewards

  BUITELAAR (2003) - Juvenile delinquents given dopamine antagonists (reduces levels of dopamine) showed decreased aggression
• Disadvantages of Drug Therapy

  Some drugs may have adverse side effects
• Advantage of Eugenics


  OSBORNE & WEST (1982) - compared the sons of criminal & non-criminal fathers. 3% of sons with non criminal fathers had criminal convictions, compared with 40% of those with criminal fathers. Showed crime can be inherited.
• Disadvantage of Eugenics 


  Biological determinism - Criminality doesn't always happen because you have criminal parents

  Social Engineering - Unethical/racist
• Advantage of Psychoanalysis 


  McLeod (2007) - criminals may be cured by making conscious, their unconscious thoughts & motivations
• Disadvantage of Psychoanalysis

  BLACKBURN (1993) - insufficient evidence of effective use with offenders

  ANDREWS et al (1990) - traditional Psychodynamic therapies should be avoided within general samples of offenders. Creates power imbalance between therapist + client that could raise ethical issues: patient could recover painful / repressed memories
• Advantage of Behaviour Modification


  Fo & O'Donnel (1975) - devise a 'buddy system' in which adult volunteers were assigned to a young offender to provide consistent reinforcement for socially acceptable ways of acting

  HOBBS & HOLT (1976) - Young Offenders showed significant difference in positive behaviour compared to a non-token economy control group
• Disadvantage of Behaviour Modification


  HOBBS & HOLT demonstrated only short-term effectiveness but limited impact outside of institution

  MOYA & ACHTENBURG (1974) - ethical issues: claimed behaviour modification is manipulative and dehumanising. A compulsory token economy removes their freedom of choice

  Desirable behaviour can be faked or mimicked
• Advantage of Anger Management Courses


  NOVACO (1975) - inability to manage anger can lead to anti-social behaviour
• Disadvantage of Anger Management Courses 


  Other factors such as having a low socio-economic status might mean that things like anger management do not stop the cycle of re-offending

  RICE (1997) - Found that psychopaths given treatment were more likely to offend afterwards, possibly because the skills they acquired raised their self-esteem and allowed them to manipulate others more easily.

  People may respond differently in Anger Management Courses than in real life situations. Often being more violent if they don't feel observed.
• Advantage of Penal Populism


  CORNISH & CLARKE (1986) - sentencing policy = soft social control. Harsher sentences will deter offending

  Punitive (intended as punishment) Sentences E.g. Criminal Justice Act 2003: mandatory life sentences for second serious offence

  UK: crime rate is falling; prison population has increased
• Disadvantage of Penal Populism 


  BARTOL (1995) - prison is 'brutal, demeaning and generally devastating'.

  Recidivism (people keep on offending)

  Suicide rates (prisons increase risk)
• Advantage of Zero Tolerance Policing

  COHEN & FELSON (1979) - 'capable guardians' [i.e. visible policing & investigation of every offence] e.g. from police, deters offenders

  WILSON & KELLING (1982) - investigation of minor crimes deters more serious offending

  EXAMPLES OF USE:

  NYC in 1990s

  LIVERPOOL: between 2005- 2008, overall recorded crime fell by 25.7% in 3 years, violent crime by 38% Hartlepool (DS Ray Malton)
• Disadvantage of Zero Tolerance Policing 


  GARLAND (2001) - (Left Realism) Limits extent + impact of crime BUT doesn't address social causes
• Advantage of CCTV


  Widely used in the UK (About 5.2 million or approx. 20% of all the CCTV in the world)
• Disadvantage of CCTV

  CEREZO (2013) - in Málaga, Spain, CCTV resulted in a small reduction in overall reported street crimes but displaced much of it to nearby streets that did not have cameras
• Advantage of Restorative Justice


  Crime & Disorder Act 1998

  The percentage of victim who accepted an offer to meet was 30.1% in 2018-19 (Home Office)
• Disadvantage of Restorative Justice 


  Relatively low uptake

  Not always offered to victims
• Advantage of Multi-Agency Approach 


  It allows offenders and victims to get a more tailored approach to support
• Disadvantage of Multi-Agency Approach 


  If cooperation between the agencies isn't clear or there are conflicts of opinion it can cause the road to recovery to be longer and harder to navigate between