AP World Unit 5 Review (Stephanie Gorges)

• Enlightenment


  A movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized the use of reason and the scientific method to challenge traditional social and political structures
• Enlightenment thinkers lived and wrote their ideas prior to the period of 1750 to 1900, but their ideas gained more popularity and influence in the late 1700s
• Enlightenment thinkers


  • They pushed back on the norms of social and political structures at the time
  • They questioned the idea of divine right and monarchies having all the power
  • They questioned how much money and family line should determine rights
• John Locke


  He wrote that people have natural and unalienable rights, including life, liberty, and property, and the job of government is to protect those rights. If a government fails to do that, the people are justified to overthrow or revolt against that government.
• Rousseau


  He wrote about the social contract, where people give up some of their freedoms for the good of the community, and the community then protects the individual's rights
• Montesquieu


  He wrote about the separation of powers into executive, judicial, and legislative branches, which challenges the idea of divine right
• Voltaire


  He wrote about the importance of free speech and religious toleration
• The Enlightenment did not push for one specific political structure like democracy, but rather pushed for governments that protected rights and challenged social hierarchies
• The Enlightenment led to major revolutions, including the American, French, and Haitian Revolutions
• American Revolution


  • Caused by the French and Indian War, British taxation of the colonies, and the colonists' desire for more rights
  • Resulted in the creation of a new Confederacy, eventually leading to a federal system with a representative democracy and a constitution with Enlightenment ideas
• French Revolution


  • Caused by financial issues, inequality in the three estates system, and Enlightenment ideals
  • Initially aimed for a constitutional monarchy, but then became more radical, leading to the Reign of Terror and eventually Napoleon's rise to power
• Haitian Revolution


  • Caused by tensions between social classes and a large enslaved population, inspired by the American and French Revolutions
  • Led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, resulted in the elimination of slavery and the establishment of the Republic of Haiti
• Latin American Revolutions


  • Led by Creoles (Europeans born in the Americas) who were inspired by the American Revolution
  • Resulted in the independence of several Latin American countries from Spanish and Portuguese colonial rule
• The ideals of the Enlightenment are clearly reflected in revolutionary documents and influenced resistance to existing political authority
• The Declaration of Independence is undoubtedly influenced by John Locke's principles of natural rights
• The Declaration of Independence speaks of life, liberty and happiness
• The Declaration of Independence describes how people have the right to overthrow unjust governments
• The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen says that the people are born and remain free and equal in rights
• The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen demonstrates Locke's influence and the social contract in articles four and five
• Simone Bolivar demonstrates Locke's ideas in attempting to protect the rights of citizens
• The first feminist (giving equal rights to women) movement begins during this time
• The majority of women during this time were fighting for suffrage, the right to vote
• Olympe de Gouges wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Women and Female Citizen
• Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women and fought for women's education and equality
• The Seneca Falls convention in 1848 was a women's rights convention with many male allies
• Patriarchy and the denial of equal rights to women in the United States continued
• Women gained the right to vote in the United States after World War I with the 19th amendment in 1920
• The Enlightenment brought about thoughts to challenge the Atlantic slave trade
• Great Britain outlawed the trade of slaves and eventually slavery as a whole in its colonies
• The United States ended the slave trade in 1807 but slavery continued until the 13th amendment in 1865
• Industrial Revolution


  Change from making things by hand to making them with a machine
• The Industrial Revolution increased production exponentially and changed the world economically, environmentally and socially
• The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain due to factors like proximity to waterways, access to coal, iron and timber, and improved agricultural productivity
• Technological innovations of the Industrial Revolution


  • Flying shuttle
  • Spinning jenny
  • Cotton gin
  • Steam engine
  • Locomotive
• First Industrial Revolution


  Age of mechanical production, age of the machine
• Second Industrial Revolution


  Age of science and mass production
• The Second Industrial Revolution led to new methods in production of steel, chemicals, electricity and precision machinery
• The assembly line powered mass production in the late 1800s and early 1900s
• Inventions like the lightbulb, telegraph and telephone transformed daily life
• A new working middle-class emerged during the Industrial Revolution