geography theory &atp

• The world population is increasing day by day
• Overpopulation


  More people live in an area than there are resources available
• Underpopulation


  Fewer people live in the area than there are resources available
• Optimum population


  There is a balance between the number of people and the resources available
• Birth rate


  Average number of live births in a year for every 1000 people
• Death rate


  Average number of deaths for every 1000 people
• Natural increase of a country

  Birth rate minus death rate
• Causes/reasons of overpopulation


  • High birthrate and low death rate
  • High fertility rate
  • Lack of family planning
  • Low level of education for women, hence married early
  • High infant mortality
  • Religious beliefs
  • Greater life expectancy
• Causes/reasons of underpopulation


  • Low birthrate and high death rate
  • Low fertility rate
  • Increased family planning and access to contraception
  • High level of education for women to have careers and marry late
  • Low infant mortality
  • Limited religious beliefs relating to a number of children
  • Low life expectancy
• Impacts of overpopulation


  • Lack of water, sanitization, housing, and food
  • High crime rate and poverty
  • Unemployment
  • Increased pressure on health, education, water, and sanitization
  • Soil erosion, deforestation
  • Lack of resources
  • Inflation
  • More air and water, noise pollution, and shortage of housing
  • Traffic congestions
• Impacts of underpopulation


  • More ageing population, hence more people in retirement age
  • Low crime rate
  • Shortage of workers
  • There is no pressure on health and education; hence, costs increase as the population ages
  • Few people pay taxes
  • Resources are not exploited fully, reducing the potential
  • Lack of services due to low demand, particularly in rural areas and innovation
• Migration


  The action of moving from one place to another
• Immigrants


  People who arrive in a country to live there permanently
• Emigrants


  People who leave the country to live in another country permanently
• Net migration


  Number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants
• Types of migration


  • Internal migration
  • International migration
  • Temporary migration
  • Permanent migration
  • Involuntary (forced) migration
  • Voluntary migration
• Refugees


  A person who has been forced to leave their home and their country due to a natural disaster, war, religious or political persecution
• Asylum Seekers


  Someone seeking refuge (residency) in a foreign country because their life is in danger in their home country
• Push factors (reasons for people to move away from their home country)

  • Unemployment
  • War
  • Pollution and congestion
  • Bad weather
  • High crime rates
  • Poor education and healthcare
  • Poor housing
  • Famine
  • Drought
  • Inaccessibility
  • Pollution
• Pull factors (factors that attract migrants to their destination)

  • More job opportunities
  • Better salary
  • good health and education services
  • Peaceful and safe
  • Friends and family may already live there
  • Citizenship
  • A higher standard of living
  • Closer to relatives
  • Freedom of speech
  • Better lifestyle
  • Fewer hazards
• Advantages of migration for the country of origin

  • Less pressure on healthcare
  • Migrants bring back new skills
  • Money is sent back (remittances)
  • more job opportunities hence the unemployment rate decrease
  • Decrease traffic congestion and pollution
  • Increased quality of education and healthcare
• Disadvantages of migration for the country of origin

  • Labour force reduced
  • Decline in birth rate
  • Brain drains more skilful/educated labour leave the country - fewer innovations
  • Division of families
  • Left with elderly population - less income
  • Tax increase
  • More ageing population (retirement age)
  • Depopulation in rural areas affects agriculture
• Advantages of migration for the country of destination

  • Overcomes labour shortage
  • Brings expertise to the country
  • Skilled migrants bring innovations
  • Cultural diversity and enrichment
  • Will work long hours for a low salary
  • Boosts local economy
• Disadvantages of migration for the country of destination

  • Competition for jobs
  • More pressure on healthcare, education and public services
  • Traffic congestion
  • Less religious amenities for immigrants
  • Discrimination and racial problems
  • Increased pollution
• Positive impacts of migration on migrants themselves

  • More job opportunities
  • Better salary & access to a wider variety of good
  • Better access to education & healthcare
  • Safer & peaceful
  • Higher pay
  • A higher standard of living
  • Send remittances to family back home
  • Better quality of life
• Negative impacts of migration on migrants themselves

  • Culture shocks, racism and discrimination
  • Difficulty in finding houses to stay
  • Language barriers
  • Different cultures may be difficult to integrate
  • Separated from friends and family
  • Higher cost of living
  • Not used to weather conditions
  • Visa and weather conditions
• Ageing population


  Old dependents (people above 60 years old)
• Dependent population


  People who don't work; are retired and have young children
• Population Pyramid


  A type of graph that shows the age and sex structure of the country; the distribution of age, sex, and population of different countries is known as population structure and is represented on a population pyramid

  
• Implications of too few young dependents

  • Closure of child-related services; fewer jobs
  • Fewer consumers and taxpayers in the future and fewer people to take over the working population
  • Less labour in future
  • Pressure on healthcare and education
• Implications of too many young dependents

  • Taxes for public schools from the government and more child-related services are needed
  • More people in the working population in future hence unemployment
  • An increase in the age of the population
  • Increased dependency ratio
• Implications of too few old dependents

  • The strain on pension systems; decrease in retirement age
  • Population structure changes
  • Expensive medical and health care
  • Difficult to evacuate old dependents during natural disasters
• Implications of too many old dependents

  • More pensions to be paid, increased retirement age
  • Pressure on healthcare
  • Loneliness
  • Not enough labour force
  • Increased residential costs
• Population density


  Number of people per unit of area (typically per kilometre square)
• Sparsely populated


  An area with low population density
• Densely populated


  An area with high population density
• Factors influencing sparse population

  • Harsh areas; mountainous or uneven relief
  • Extreme/harsh climates and bad weather
  • High risk of flooding
  • Infertile soil
  • Locations with frequent natural disasters
  • No economic opportunities
  • No infrastructure
  • No transport routes
  • Bad communication
  • High crime rates
  • Government corruption
  • Poor public services such as healthcare and education
  • Civil war
  • Low birth rate and high death rate
• Factors influencing dense population

  • Flat relief
  • Favourable climates and good weather
  • Availability of natural resources for industry and manufacturing
  • Fertile land for crops
  • No or few natural disasters
  • Good water supply i.e. a river
  • Many jobs opportunities
  • Good infrastructures
  • Many transport routes to travel easily
  • Good communication
  • Low crime rates
  • Reliable and stable government
  • Good public services
  • No threats or wars
  • High birth rate and low death rate
• Isolated settlement


  A single building or a group of two or three buildings, separated from the next by 2 or 3 km
• Nucleated settlement


  Buildings are grouped, initially for defence or a common resource