bio paper 1 organisation

• aerobic respiration


  an exothermic reaction in which glucose is broken down using oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water and release energy for the cells
• anaerobic respiration


  an exothermic reaction in which glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen to produce lactic acid in animals and ethanol and carbon dioxide in plants and yeast. A small amount of energy is transferred for the cells
• lactic acid


  the end product of anaerobic respiration in animal cells
• oxygen debt


  the extra oxygen that must be taken into the body after exercise has stopped to complete the aerobic respiration of lactic acid
• Mitochondria


  Organelle that is the site of respiration
• glucose


  a simple sugar
• limiting factors


  limit the rate of a reaction, for example light in photosynthesis
• photosynthesis


  the process by which plants make food using carbon dioxide, water, and light
• Reactants for photosynthesis


  water and carbon dioxide
• Products of photosynthesis


  glucose and oxygen
• Chloroplast


  Site of photosynthesis
• arteries


  blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They usually carry oxygenated blood and have a pulse
• atria


  the upper chambers of the heart

  
• capillaries


  the smallest blood vessels. They run between individual cells and have a wall that is only one cell thick
• guard cells


  surround the stomata in the leaves of plants and control their opening and closing

  
• haemoglobin


  the red pigment that carries oxygen around the body in the red blood cells
• palisade mesophyll


  the upper layer of the mesophyll tissue in plant leaves made up of closely packed cells that contain many chloroplasts for photosynthesis

  
• phloem


  the living transport tissue in plants that carries dissolved food (sugars) around the plant

  
• plasma


  the clear yellow-liquid part of the blood that carries dissolved substances and blood cells around the body
• platelets


  fragments of cells in the blood that are used for blood clotting during injuries
• red blood cells


  biconcave cells that contain the red pigment haemoglobin and carry oxygen around the body in the blood

  
• statins


  • drugs used to lower blood cholesterol levels; slows down build up of fatty material on arteries
  • maintain blood flow to heart muscle cells
  • low cost
  • easy to take
  • 
    
  • might have side effect muscle pain
  • drug need to be taken longterm
  • might forget to take the drug
  • effects take time
• stent


  • a metal mesh placed in a blocked or partially blocked artery, that are used to open up the blockage so blood flow to heart muscle cells increased.
  • remains in place for long time
  • effect is immediate/ rapid recovery

  
  

  cons

  • risk of infection form operation
  • risk of surgery e.g heart attack/ bleeding
  • risk of blood clot

  
• translocation


  the movement of sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant through the phloem
• transpiration


  the loss of water vapour from the leaves of plants through the stomata when they are opened to allow gas exchange for photosynthesis. It involves evaporation from the surface of the cells and diffusion through the stomata
• arteries,

  carry oxygenated blood away from heart at high pressure.

  • thick muscular tissue - to withstand high pressure
  • thick elastic tissue - can stretch and coil to maintain high pressure blood
  • narrow lumen - maintain high pressure
• xylem


  the non-living transport tissue in plants that transports water from the roots to the leaves and shoots

  
• active site


  the site on an enzyme where the reactants or substrates bind
• amino acids


  building blocks of proteins
• amylase


  enzyme that speeds up the digestion of starch into sugars
• bile


  neutralises stomach acid to give a slightly alkaline pH for the enzymes from the pancreas and small intestine to work well.
• carbohydrases


  enzymes that speed up the breakdown of carbohydrates into simple sugars
• carbohydrates


  molecules that contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They provide the energy for the metabolism and are found in foods such as rice, potatoes, and bread
• catalyst


  a substance that speeds up the rate of another reaction but is not used up or changed itself
• denatured


  the breakdown of the molecular structure of a protein so it no longer functions, a change in the shape of the active site
• digestive system


  organ system where food is digested and absorbed
• enzymes


  biological catalysts, usually proteins
• lipase


  enzymes that speed up the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
• lipids


  include fats and oils and are found in foods such as butter, olive oil, and crisps. They are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• organ


  an aggregation (collection ) of different tissues working together to carry out specific functions