8. Cultural Variations

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Cards (8)

    1. Cultural Variations
    Collectivist + Individualist cultures, and their different attachment behaviours.
  • 2. Cultural Variations
    Van Ijzendoorn + Kroonenberg (1988):
    • Secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant attachment across countries.
    • 32 studies where Strange Situation (Ainsworth, 1969) used - secondary data.
    • 8 countries; 1,990 children.
  • 2a. Cultural Variations
    Van Ijzendoorn + Kroonenberg (1988) - Results:
    • Secure-attachment most common, all countries.
    • Britain (75%), China (50%).
    • Intra-cultural differences greater than inter-cultural.
    • Individualist, insecure-resistant = similar findings to SS (15%).
    • Collectivist, insecure-resistant above 25%.
    • Cultural practice influences attachment.
  • 3. Cultural Variations
    Italian Study - Simonelli et al. (2014):
    • 76 babies (Strange Situation).
    • 50% secure; 36% insecure-avoidant - higher avoidant attachment.
    • Result may be bc of increased working-mothers.
    • Societal change influences att.
  • 4. Cultural Variations
    Korean Study - Jin et al. (2012):
    • 87 babies (Strange Situation).
    • High number insecure-resistant.
    • Similar in Japan; similar child-rearing style.
  • Cultural Variations (Evaluation)
    Strength:
    P - indigenous psychologists.
    E - van Ijzendoorn + Kroonenberg (1988), included research from German + Japanese team.
    E - potential problems in cross-cultural research avoided; language misunderstandings.
    L - increase validity of data.
  • Cultural Variations (Evaluation)

    Limitation:
    P - Morelli + Tronick (1991) outsiders from USA when studied patterns of att.
    E - data affected by difficulties in gathering data from participants outside own culture.
    L - data affected by bias.
  • Cultural Variations (Evaluation)
    Limitation:
    P - imposing test designed for one culture to another (imposed etic).
    E - uses ideas of emic + etic.
    E - e.g. of imposed etic in SS; response to caregiver reunion; GB/USA, lack affection suggests avoidant att., but in Germany, suggests independence.
    L - behaviours measured by SS not same meaning in diff cultural contexts, comparison meaningless.