People in AP Euro

• Petrarch


  Father of Humanism - known for his poetry
• Machiavelli


  wrote "The Prince"/ "the ends justify the means"/ wrote about how things were not how they should be
• Lorenzo de Medici


  famous for generous patronage of the arts & philosophy
• Cicero


  Roman writer, had major impact on the development of the Renaissance - humanist education curriculum
• Michaelangelo


  One of the four major artists of the Italian Renaissance - painted ceiling of Sistine Chapel, Pieta, and David
• Da Vinci


  One of the four major artists of the Italian Renaissance - famous for Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
• Thomas More


  "Utopia"-focused on better world
• Desiderius Erasmus


  "The Praise of Folly" - criticized catholic church but still remained Catholic

  Edited Greek New Testament so scholars could read original
• Henry VII


  important during age of exploration - ended war of roses and united country - rebuilt finances and navy - eliminated competitions to throne
• Ferdinand and Isabella


  age of exploration conquest of new world- spanish inquisition/reconquista - reformed taxation and army
• Prince Henry the Navigator


  financed expeditions along African coastline
• Vasco de Gama


  First Voyage to India (1498)
• Christopher Columbus


  used caravel, made it to NA, columbian exchange (corn, potatoes tomatoes and tobacco to Europe)
• Johann Tetzel


  seller of indulgences, went to Germany
• Martin Luther


  started reformation, pinned 95 theses on Wittenberg Castle Church, consubstantiation
• Pope Leo X


  wanted Luther to retract 41 theses, claimed Henry VIII "defender of the faith," Patron of Raphael, needed money to finish St. Peter's Basilica/sold indulgences
• Frederick of Saxony


  German prince who protected Luther
• Charles V


  HRE who called Luther to Diet of Worms (1521), to recant, Luther refused and was pronounced as outlaw
• John Calvin


  consubstantiation, calvinism, predestination, moved to Geneva Switzerland, no separation of church and state
• Ulrich Zwingli


  Eucharistic Memorial, Swiss Protestant Reformer
• Henry VIII

  "defender of the faith", defense of the seven sacraments, act of supremacy, abolished monasteries, started church of england
• Catherine of Aragon


  first wife of Henry VIII, Henry VIII was not given annulment to divorce her, led to supremacy act
• Anne Boleyn

  Henry VIII wanted annulment from pope to marry her, led to Supremacy Act
• Edward VI

  son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, ruled at 9 years old, "Lord Protector of Puritans"
• Elizabeth I

  "Elizabethan Settlement" - outward conformity, inward whatever
• Mary I


  "Bloody Mary" - married Philip II of Spain, tried to force England into Catholicism
• Thomas Cranmer


  archbishop of canterbury, book of Common Prayer for C of E
• John Knox


  found presbyterianism in Scotland
• Ignatius Loyola


  Society of Jesus (Jesuits), focus on education and fighting heresy, counter-reformation
• Teresa of Avila


  most popular saint of Counter-Reformation, represents personal piety, intense visions - close to God
• Catherine de Medici


  last in lalois dynasty, Queen of France, her sons vs. protestants
• Ferdinand II (HR Emperor)


  king of HRE about half of 30 yrs. war, Catholic Counter-Reformation, victory in Bohemian phase
• Cardinal Richelieu


  subordination to Louis XIV, succeeded by Mazarin
• Gustavus Adolphus


  Lutheran King of Spain, important in Swedish phase, killed in battle
• Henry IV of France

  Bourbon Dynasty, Huguenot, "Paris is worth a mass", politique (politics over religion), issued Edict of Nantes
• Louis XIV


  "The Sun King", major absolutist king of France, got rid of Edict of Nantes
• Cardinal Mazarin


  continued Richelieu's centralization, increased taxes, led to the Fronde
• Jean-Baptiste Colbert


  mercantilism, govt. controls econom to go for the gold
• Peter the Great

  table of Ranks (controls Nobles), Russian Orthodox Church Reform, Westernization, St. Petersburg, Great Northern War to get warm water port
• Frederick William I the Great Elector

  Prussian, House of Hohenzollern, power to tax by decree, prussian militarism