HP1 Review Ap Euro

• Middle Ages (plague, feudalism, power of the Catholic Church, serfdom, reliance on religion)
• Renaissance


  • humanism
  • Christian humanism
  • Erasmus
  • Machiavelli
  • Classicism
  • secularism
  • Petrarch
  • humanities/liberal arts
  • patrons of the arts (Cath Church)
  • italian city-states
  • printing press
  • Medici family
  • Renaissance man
• Art


  • geometric perspective
  • greco-roman histories
  • individualism
  • realism
  • symmetry/balance
  • Catholic imagery
• Northern art


  • detail
  • patrons = princes/kings
• Italy


  • Renaissance began here
  • Medici and Gonzaga families - major patrons
  • City-states ruled by powerful families
  • Peace of Lodi, between Milan and Venice
  • Castiglione's The Courtier defined crucial characteristics of the Renaissance Man
  • Machiavelli's The Prince introduced the idea of secular rule
  • Humanism sparked more emphasis on Greco-Roman antiquity, causing a return to art, poetry, literature works, scientific advancements, etc.
• Machiavelli


  Fear over love
• Why Italy? Revival of classical texts from the Catholic Church (texts from Greece & Rome), Petrarch humanism, Cicero, Catholic church = centered in Rome, Center of mediterranean, near Greece/Rome, TRADE/spread of ideas
• England


  • tremendous output of literature and drama
  • Tudor Dynasty
• Spain/Portugal


  • Spanish Inquisition, establishing centralized rule
  • Ruled by Habsburg Dynasty
  • Isabella d'Este and Ferdinand
• France


  • Emphasis on Northern Humanism
  • Religion over everything
  • Individualism
  • Louis XI
  • Developed France into a territorial state
  • Taxes to grow his wealth and estate
• Holy Roman Empire


  • Northern Humanism
  • Built more upon Christian ideals and focusing on returning to ancient scripture
  • Failed to develop a strong monarchical authority
  • Was in power by the Habsburg dynasty
  • The printing press was established
  • Spread of ideas/information
  • Gutenberg
  • Serfdom
  • Mostly subsistence-based
  • Not important to the Renaissance
• Russia


  • Age of Exploration
  • Ivan The Terrible- Expanded Russian Empire, was terrible
• Causes of the Age of Exploration

  • navigational advancements (sails, compass, astrolabe, etc.)
  • Competition between states
  • Spread religion (spread Catholicism during counter reformation, some protestants)
  • gold: gain wealth (bullion) and resources
  • glory: individualism, power, etc.
  • Lost significance due the to shift in power to Atlantic states
  • Fought HRE?
  • Italy was behind → power to atlantic states
  • Ship tax? James, Charles, Charles; James
  • Glorious revolution, William of Orange takes power
  • Sir Robert Clive became the chief representative of the East India Company
  • established Jamestown in America
• British East India Company


  • Joint stock company
  • Public ownership of a company through purchasing shares and getting dividends from profits
• Areas the British East India Company expanded to

  • India
  • North America (Canada & USA)
• Triangle trade route


  • Were the first Atlantic nations to take advantage of the Age of Exploration
  • Eventually got replaced as main powers by Dutch, French, then English
• Portugal


  • First to arrive in India, followed by English and Dutch at end of 16th century
  • Prince Henry the Navigator: sponsored the exploration of the coast of Africa & founded a navigator's school in 1419
  • Batholomeu Dias: Portuguese sea captain who took advantage of westerly winds to round the Cape Of Good Hope, effectively "discovered" it
  • Trading empire, not colonies
• Encomienda system


  Spanish system of slavery (forced Natives/Africans to work the land and forced them to convert to Christianity, seen as "saving" them)
• Treaty of Tordesilla: splitting land of Spain & Portugal (Portugal gets Brazil→ control of slave trade)
• France


  • Taking colonies like everyone else
  • Quebec, Louisiana territory, Vietnam, random islands
  • French competed with British in India, got kicked out during Seven Years' War w/ British
  • Jacques Cartier started exploring North America
  • Canada
• Holy Roman Empire


  • Habsburgs were there
  • HRE was behind because of lack of centralized gov't and protestant reformation
• Protestant Reformation & Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation)
• Pope


  Wanted to maintain their power, wanted to bring people back to church
• Council of Trent(1545-1563): church meeting of high officials met to decide if they were going to reform the RCC → only thing they "fixed" was indulgences
• England


  • King Henry VIII had to separate from the Catholic church to divorce his wives. So he became the head of his new church. (Needed a male heir)
  • It resulted in England more protestant
  • Anglicans = protestant
  • Very similar to Catholicism
• English Monarchs


  • Henry VIII(1491-1547)
  • Edward VI(1537-1553)
  • Mary I (1516-1558)
  • Elizabeth I(1533-1603)
• Henry VIII


  • Divorce from Catherine of Aragon (from Spain, related to HRE Charles V→ Charles V works with Catholic Church to prevent divorce)
  • Act of supremacy (king = head of church)
  • Catherine of Aragon (daughter = Mary I)
  • Then marries Anne Boleyn (daughter = Elizabeth I)
  • Jane Seymour (son = Edward VII)
• Edward VI


  Very protestant, Book of Common Prayer (de-catholic the anglican church)
• Mary I


  Bloody Mary– beheads protestants, very Catholic, married Philip II of Spain
• Elizabeth I


  • Ruled with parliament, not against them
  • Executed many Catholics, BUT, considered a "politique" → put gov't above religious conflicts → Elizabethan Settlement: allowed Catholics to practice their religion as long as it didn't interfere with Anglicans/gov't
  • Baby religious tolerance
• Catholic Counter-Reformation


  • Society ofJesus which fought against protestantism
  • St. Ignatius of Loyola
  • Go all over the world
  • Focused on education, not erasing native cultures
  • Francis Xavier spread the idea of catholicism to the east
  • The jesuits were able to fight protestantism. They obeyed the papacy
• Spanish Inquisition


  • Kicked out the Jews and the Muslims from Iberian Peninsula (Spain/Portugal)
• France


  • The huguenots (calvanists) vs the Catholics
  • St. Bartholomew's day Massacre - violent outbreak between catholics and protestants. Was triggered by the marriage of protestant Henry and catholic margret
  • King Henry IV (Henry of Navarre the winner of the War of the 3 Henrys)
  • The Edict of Nantes granted Huguenots rights even though France was predominantly Catholic. (Politique) This was a restricted tolerance granted towards the Huguenots.
• Anabaptists


  Adult baptism
• Martin Luther


  • Hated indulgences, nepotism, transubstantiation, absenteeism, pluralism, general corruption (Pope Leo X spent all $$ art/buildings), priesthood of all believers (everyone should be able to read bible in vernacular)
  • Posts 95 Theses 1517 in Wittenberg
• Holy Roman Empire


  • In HRE
  • Princes want their own control of land, tired of Charles V/HRE
  • Going to adopt lutheranism to get more political power
  • Diet of Worms 1523: asked Luther to recant → he said no→ goodbye universal christendom
  • German Peasants Revolt 1524→ side with Luther because they thought Luther's ideas of priesthood of all believers/everyone can read the bible → Luther sides with princes to keep political power
  • 1555: Peace of Augsburg: Charles V allowed lutheranism in HRE and princes could choose their own religion (lutheranism or catholicism)
• Wars of Religion/ Conflicts

  • English Civil War = Calvinists vs Anglicans
  • Spain attempted to combat Protestantism in Europe and to Islam in the mediterranean
  • 30 years war
  • 1659 w/ peace of Pyrenees
  • Spanish inquisition
  • Edict of Nantes ended the French Wars of religion
  • religious freedom for Hugenots
  • Henry IV convert the catholisism
  • persecution of religious dissenters
  • result in war of 3 henrys
  • st. bartholomew massacre
  • 30 years war
  • Ferdinand try to force protestants to be catholic
  • 1659 w/ peace of pyrenees(part of HRE)
  • german protestants v HRE emperSpainain ally w HRE
  • Schmalkaldic War
  • Charles V vs. Schmalkaldic League
  • Forced catholicism throughout the region
  • 30 years war
  • peace of westphalia = german states could choose own religion
• Phases of the 30 Years War

  • 1st phase Religious: Bohemian phase (HRE wanted to enforce catholicism again, sends reps to Bohemia (prague) to fight protestants → Defenestration of prague
  • 2nd phase religious: Danish phase (King Christian IV of Denmark wanted to "protect protestants in northern HRE"--> also wants land/power)
  • 3rd phase: Swedish phase with Gustavus Adolphus wanting to "protect protestants" but also gain power
  • 4th phase: French gets involved to decrease power of the HRE
• 30 Years War


  • Big loser: HRE
  • Big winner: France
• Context- Absolutism, High renaissance, Popes