Cell biology

• Light microscopes are cheap, easy to use, but have limited resolution.
• Electron microscopes are expensive, only show black and white, but have high resolution.
• Magnification = Image size ÷ object size
• Genetic material is doubled and divided into two identical cells
• Before a cell divides it grows and increases number of sub-cellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria
• DNA replicates to form two identical cells
• Cytoplasm and cell membrane divides to form two identical cells
• Bacterial cells have a cell membrane and a cell wall
• Plant and agal cells have a cell wall made of cellulose
• Bacteria multiply by binary fission as often as every 20 minutes
• In school labs, cultures should be incubated at 25°C
• In therapeutic cloning, an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient
• Ventilation increases gaseous exchange in animals
• Active transport is used for sugar in the gut