chap 1

• Lesion/Deficit Model

  Brain Damage Linked to Behaviour Change
• Phineas Gage 1848
• Memory

  Links the present to the past
• Clive Wearing

  Cannot form new memories
• Clive cannot make new memories
• Clive knows that something is wrong
• Clive has many intact prior memories
• Clive's memories

  • Scotland to Cornwall (knows what 'where' means)
  • Many procedural (striatal) e.g. Play piano
• Clive is cognitively able
• Clive does not have dementia
• Clive has (basically) no hippocampus
• Clive's hippocampus was destroyed by viral encephalitis
• Memory

  Five Main Types
• Memory Types

  • Explicit
  • Implicit
• Explicit Memory

  • Declarative
  • Conscious
  • Deliberate
• Implicit Memory

  • Non-Declarative
  • Unconscious
  • Automatic
• Explicit Memory

  • Semantic
  • Episodic
• Semantic Memory

  • Knowing
  • Facts
• Episodic Memory

  • Recalling
  • Experiences
• Explicit and Implicit memories are inter-related and have similar anatomy
• Implicit Memory Types

  • Procedural
  • Motor
  • Emotional
  • Habits, Skills
  • Co-ordination
  • Classical Conditioning
• Memory Formation

  • 3 stage model
  • Encoding
  • Storage
  • Retrieval
• Encoding

  Turning sensory information into neuronal activity
• Perception

  Integration of different sensory streams into one
• Storage

  Simple Anatomical Summary
• Hippocampus

  • Forms declarative/explicit memories
  • Tells you where you are in space
  • Often lost early in Alzheimers
  • Active site of neurogenesis
  • Multiple sub-regions
• Striatum

  • Procedural Memory
  • Motivation
  • Reward
  • Reinforcement
  • Motor responses
  • Multiple sub-regions
• Cerebellum

  Corrections to motor commands
• Limbic System

  • Includes Amygdala, Cingulate, Hypothalamus, Septum, Hippocampus
  • How do I feel
  • Emotional memory
• 3 stage model

  • Encoding
  • Storage
  • Retrieval
• Come back in 5 min?
• Retrieval Practice

  'The Testing Effect'
• Core principles of retrieval practice

  • Take practice quizzes
  • Write practice quizzes
  • Share practice quizzes
• Retrieval practice has to be a test
• Retrieval Practice

  'Bring to mind'
• Retrieval Practice works
• Benefits of Retrieval Practice

  • Retain learning for longer
  • Learn more
  • Better than other study methods
  • Enhances transfer
  • Reduces test anxiety
• How does Retrieval Practice work?

  • Strengthens relevant associations
  • Weakens irrelevant associations
  • Desirable difficulty
• Factors influencing Retrieval Practice success

  • Format
  • Frequency
  • Feedback
• Retrieval Practice frequency

  As often as you can