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• Period 3 (1754-1800)


  England attempts to reassert control over the colonies following the French and Indian War
• The colonies react to England's attempt to control them, eventually declaring independence and becoming a new nation, America
• There are disagreements over the social, political, and economic identity of the young United States
• England's actions following the French and Indian War

  1. Enforce old mercantilist laws like the Navigation Act

  2. Implement the Proclamation of 1763 to restrict western expansion

  3. Impose taxes like the Sugar Act and Stamp Act

  4. Require colonists to quarter British soldiers
• Colonists' reactions to England's actions

  • Organize through the Stamp Act Congress, Committees of Correspondence, Sons of Liberty, and Continental Congress
  • Inspired by Enlightenment ideas like natural rights and consent of the governed
  • Gradual movement towards declaring independence
• Colonists declare independence


  Influenced by Thomas Paine's Common Sense and Jefferson's Declaration of Independence
• Reasons for American Revolution success

  • Colonists' home-field advantage
  • French assistance after the Battle of Saratoga
  • Leadership of figures like George Washington
• New government structures


  Based on Enlightenment principles like natural rights, consent of the governed, and restrictions on government power
• The American Revolution was not a radical revolution, as the colonial elite remained in power
• Some states eliminated property requirements for voting, allowing more white men to participate in the political process
• The American Revolution had international consequences, inspiring revolutions in France, Latin America, and Haiti
• Republican motherhood


  The idea that women should raise good citizens and be civically engaged
• Women lacked political rights in the post-American Revolution period
• Slavery was gradually abolished in the North, but protected in the South and West under the new Constitution
• Native Americans faced hardship as their interests were not protected in the Treaty of Paris
• Articles of Confederation


  The initial weak national government created during the American Revolution
• Constitutional issues


  • Representation debates (Virginia Plan vs. New Jersey Plan)
  • Three-fifths compromise on counting slaves for representation
  • Federalism and separation of powers
• Articles of Confederation


  Replaced by the stronger federal government of the Constitution
• The Constitution expanded the power of the federal government compared to the Articles of Confederation
• Federalist system


  • Federal government and state government sharing power
• Republicanism


  Representative government
• The Articles of Confederation had a very weak federal government</b>
• The Constitution expanded the power of the federal government significantly
• Constitution


  • President
  • House legislature
  • Power to tax and regulate trade
  • Amendment process requires 3/4 vote
• The Constitution was ratified


  Not everyone agreed with it initially
• Groups involved in Constitution ratification

  • Federalists (supported it)
  • Anti-Federalists (opposed it)
• The Anti-Federalists agreed to ratify the Constitution if a Bill of Rights was added
• Shays' Rebellion happened under the Articles of Confederation, when the government was too weak to put it down
• The Whiskey Rebellion was crushed by the powerful federal government under the Constitution
• Disagreements developed over the new nation's political, economic and social identity
• Key figures in the disagreements

  • Alexander Hamilton (Federalist, strong central government, loose Constitution interpretation)
  • Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican, weak central government, strict Constitution interpretation)
• The Alien and Sedition Acts passed under the Federalist-controlled Congress led to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions asserting states' right of nullification
• The French Revolution in 1789 caused concerns in America about whether to support France
• The XYZ Affair and Quasi-War occurred between the US and France
• The US had issues with England after the Treaty of Paris, including forts on American soil, arming Native Americans, and impressment of sailors
• Pinckney's Treaty resolved some issues with Spain
• Washington's Farewell Address warned against permanent alliances and political parties
• The election of 1800 was a peaceful transfer of power between political parties, the "Revolution of 1800"
• Native Americans responded to European and American settlements in various ways, including allying with the French, rebelling under Pontiac, and resisting American expansion under Chief Little Turtle
• The Northwest Ordinances allowed for the expansion of the US, banning slavery and allowing public education