S2. Rad Bio Numbers

• What is the average annual contribution of human-made radiation exposure per person in the U.S. as of 2016?

  0.1 mSv
• medical radiation makes up what percentage of annual EfD per person in the US?

  2.3 mSv
• human-made radiation makes up what percentage of annual EfD per person in the US?

  0.1 mSv
• natural background radiation makes up what percentage of annual EfD per person in the US?

  3.1 mSv
• what is the total annual EqD per person in the US from all categories?

  5.5 mSv
• what is the quality factor of x-ray and gamma ray photons?

  1
• what is the quality factor of beta particles?

  1
• what is the quality factor for alpha particles?

  20
• what is the radiation weighting factor for x-ray and gamma photons?

  1
• what is the radiation weighting factor for electrons of every energy?

  1
• what is the radiation weighting factor for alpha particles?

  20
• the gonads have a tissue weighting factor of:

  0.2
• red bone marrow, colon, lung, stomach all have a tissue weighting factor of:

  0.12
• the bladder, breast, liver, esophagus, thyroid, adrenals, brain, small/large intestine, kidney, muscle, pancreas, spleen, thymus, and uterus all have a tissue weighting factor of:

  0.05
• what is the tissue weighting factor of the skin and surface of the bone?

  0.01
• LD 50/30 for humans is:

  3-4 Gyt
• the most accurate lethal dose (LD) for humans is:

  LD 50/60
• exposing a cell to as little as ________ of ionizing radiation just before it begins dividing can cause mitotic delay

  10 cGyt
• instant death occurs when a volume of tissue is irradiated with an xray or gamma ray dose of approximately ________ in seconds or minutes

  1000 Gyt
• the whole-body dose that will cause death to an entire population within 30 days without medical support:

  8 Gyt
• the whole-body dose that humans have actually survived with intense medical support is:

  8.5 Gyt
• regardless of treatment, whole body equivalent doses greater than ______ are considered fatal

  12 Gyt
• a single absorbed dose of _________ can cause radiation-induced skin erythema within 24- 48 hours after irradiation

  2 Gyt
• doses as low as ________ can depress the male sperm population, cause potential genetic mutations, and may delay or suppress menstruation in females

  0.1 Gyt
• what is the dose required to produce measurable hematologic depression?

  0.25 Gyt
• whole-body dose that can begin to contribute to early tissue reactions:

  6 Gyt
• whole-body dose that needs to be received in order for effects of hematopoietic syndrome to occur:

  1-10 Gyt
• whole-body dose that must be received to develop the gastrointestinal form of ARS:

  6-10 Gyt
• whole-body dose that must be received for the cerebrovascular form of ARS:

  50 Gyt or more
• whole-body dose that was received by workers at the time of the Chernobyl incident:

  6 Gyt
• red blood cells can repopulate from hematopoietic syndrome if the dose is less than:

  2 Gyt
• gonadal dose that causes temporary sterility in males/females:

  2 Gyt
• gonadal dose that causes permanent sterility in males/females:

  5-6 Gyt
• under what dose is a bone marrow transplant to facilitate bone marrow recovery possible?

  5 Gyt
• a dose of _________ can cause a decrease in the number of lymphocytes

  0.25 Gyt
• how long does it take for death to occur for a person with hematopoietic syndrome?

  6-8 weeks from 2 Gyt, shorter period of time with higher doses
• how long (on average) does it take for death to occur for a person with gastrointestinal syndrome?

  3-10 days
• how long does it take for death to occur for a person with cerebrovascular syndrome?


  a few hours to 2-3 days
• during cardiovascular and interventional exams that use high level fluoro procedures, patient exposure can sometimes reach __________ mGya/min or more

  100-200 mGya/min
• approximately _______% of radiation-induced damage may be repaired over time; _______% is irreparable

  90% of radiation-induced damage may be repaired over time; 10% is irreparable