technology to treat diseases

• Recombinant DNA technology:

  (process of artificially modifying DNA)

  • DNA added/removed from cell
  • recombinant + organism = genetically modified organism
  • used to introduce desired traits, produce proteins and replace faulty genes
  • transgenic organism - DNA introduced to a different species
• artificial selection/breeding - increase/decrease incidence of certain genes
• Recombinant DNA formation:

  • restriction enzyme isolate gene
  • isolate vector (plasmid) from cell and cut it with same restriction enzyme → same sticky ends formed
  • insert gene into vector using DNA ligase → gene intergrated into plasma
  • vector cloned and inserted into host cell → foreign proteins produced from instruction of genes
• bacteriophage - virus that infects bacteria

  DNA ligase - enzyme combining single-stranded DNA

  plasmid - circular strand of DNA

  restriction enzyme - cuts DNA strand at specific sequences of nucleotides (recognition site)

  staggered cut - fragments of DNA created with unpaired nucleotides; sticky ends

  straight cut - clean break across two DNA strands; blunt ends

  vector - bacterial plasmid
• • gene/segment of DNA is isolated and cut at recognition sites by restriction enzymes
  • enzyme cuts the DNA at either end of the gene producing a staggered cut
  • unpaired nucleotides overhang the ends/produce a sticky end
  • plasmid is isolated from bacterial cell
  • isolated gene and the plasmid are joined together by DNA ligase
  • gene and plasmid inserted into bacterial cell/treated
  • bacterial cell cloned/divides
  • large amounts of the vaccine produced
  • purify the samples to isolate the vaccine
  • package the hormone/vaccine in a form that humans could consume