Whole reviewer

• Information society


  A society where the creation, distribution, use, integration and manipulation of information is a significant economic, political and cultural activity
• Information


  Facts, data, numbers, images, documents, sound or act of a person to be delivered to the recipient in order to explain, inform and verify that the recipient may use such information for any particular purpose
• Information


  Improves decision making, enhances efficiency and provides a competitive edge to the organization which knows more than the opposition
• Four types of information

  • Factual information
  • Analytical information
  • Subjective
  • Objective
• Sources of information


  • Books
  • Encyclopedias
  • Magazines
  • Databases
  • Newspapers
  • Library Catalog
  • Internet
• Language


  • A system of words or codes used within a discipline
  • A system of communication using symbols or sounds
• Components of language


  • Vocabulary of words or symbols
  • Meaning attached to the words or symbols
  • Grammar - a set of rules that outline how vocabulary is used
  • Syntax - organizes symbols into linear structures or propositions
  • Narrative or discourse - strings of syntactic propositions
  • A group of people who use and understand the symbols
• Role of language


  • Mainly used for linguistic communication
  • Basis of human progress
  • Central to one's identity as an individual
• Nature of mathematics


  • Relies on both logic and creativity
  • Pursued for practical purposes and for its intrinsic interest
• Isaac Newton's great contribution is "mathematics"
• Characteristics of mathematical language

  • Precise
  • Concise
  • Powerful
• Importance & benefits of technology

  • Added efficiency
  • Faster decision making
  • Cost and time-saving
  • Competitive edge
  • Increased innovation
• How technology has changed different spheres of our lives


  • Technology Makes collaboration easy
  • Technology Helps new businesses
  • Technology Helps create more equality in society
• Printing press


  Machine by which text and images are transferred from movable type to paper or other media by means of ink
• Printing first became mechanized in Europe during the 15th century
• World Wide Web


  Connected the world in a way that made it much easier for people to get information, share, and communicate
• Hypertext


  Allows the user to select a word or phrase from text and thereby access other documents that contain additional information pertaining to that word or phrase
• Communication


  A fundamental part of our everyday lives, characterizes who we are, what we do, and how we relate to others in society, a very powerful tool that holds many different uses for our basic needs and survival
• Biodiversity


  The enormous variety of life on Earth, refers to every living thing, including plants, bacteria, animals, and humans, and how different species interact with each other and with the physical world around them
• The word 'biotechnology' coined by Hungarian immigrant Karl Ereky


  1919
• 10 colors of biotechnology

  • Green - Agricultural Biotechnology
  • Red - Medical Biotechnology
  • White - Industrial Biotechnology
  • Gold - Bioinformatics
  • Grey - Environmental Protection Biotechnology
  • Blue - Marine Biotechnology
  • Yellow - Food Nutritional Biotechnology
  • Violet - IPR, Ethics and Biosafety
  • Brown - Arid & Desert Biotechnology
  • Dark - Bioterrorism, Biological weapons
• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)


  Contain DNA that has been altered using genetic engineering, genetically modified animals are mainly used for research purposes, while genetically modified plants are common in today's food supply
• Nanoscale


  Measured in nanometers or billionths of meter
• Scientists use special types of microscopes to view nanomaterials
• Scientists used electron microscopes and field microscopes


  1930s
• Richard Feynman introduced nanotechnology in 1959
• Special types of microscopes

  • Electron Microscope
  • Confocal Microscope
  • Scanning Probe Microscope
  • Fluorescence Microscope
  • Polarizing Microscope
  • Darkfield Microscope
  • Phase Contrast Microscope
  • Differential Interference Contrast Microscope
• Electron Microscope


  Utilizes a particle beam of electrons to light up a specimen and develop a well-magnified image, produces higher and better resolution than older light microscopes
• Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)


  Type of Scanning Probe Microscopy with demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions on a nanometer, the information is gathered by "feeling" or "touching" the surface with a mechanical probe
• Scanning Tunnelling Microscope


  Developed in 1986 by Gerd Bining and Heinrich Rohrer
• Polarized light source


  Creates a three-dimensional effect and enhances the contrast of transparent specimens
• Electron microscope


  • Type of microscope that utilizes a particle beam of electrons to light up a specimen and develop a well-magnified image
  • Produces higher and better resolution than older light microscopes because they magnify objects up to a million times while conventional light microscopes can magnify up to 1,500 times only
• Electron microscope


  Built in 1930 by two German Engineers named Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll
• Atomic force microscopy (AFM)


  • Type of Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) with demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions on a nanometer, more than 1,000 times better than the optical diffraction limit
  • The information is gathered by "feeling" or "touching" the surface with a mechanical probe
• Atomic force microscopy (AFM)


  Pioneered in 1986 by Nobel Prize Winner Gerd Bining along with Calvin Quate, and Christopher Gerber
• Scanning tunnelling microscope


  • In 1986 Gerd Bining and Heinrich Rohrer won Noble Prize in physics for this invention in 1981
  • This microscope enables scientists to view and manipulate nanoscale particles, atoms and small molecules
  • It is an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level
• Dip pen lithography


  The tip of an atomic force microscope is "dipped" into a chemical fluid and then utilize to "write" on a surface, like an old-fashioned ink pen onto paper
• Self-assembly


  An approach wherein a set of components join together to mold organized structure in the absence of outside direction
• Chemical vapor deposition


  Chemicals act in response to form very pure, high performance films
• Nanoimprint lithography


  A method of generating nanoscale attributes by "stamping" or "printing" them onto a surface