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• Great Columbian / Biological Exchange


  Exchange of plants and animals between the New World and Europe following the discovery of America in 1492.
• Christopher Columbus


  Italian explorer, sailed from Spain in 1492 and reached Americas, greatly increased European awareness of the North American Continent
• Bartolomeo de las Casas


  16th Century Spanish Historian, Dominican Friar, "Protector of the Indians;" opposed atrocities by colonizers on Indigenous people
• Spanish empire


  Empire control in Mexico, South America, and Florida, religious empire; Franciscans + mission system, defensive buffers vs. English, French, and Russians. Economic empire.
• French empire


  Empire control in Canada, Ohio, and Mississippi River Valley with Louisiana. Religious: Jesuits. Positive indigenous relations. Fur trade. Coureurs du bois.
• English/British Empire


  Exhibited control in the form of dominions, colonies, mandates, and territories. Queen Elizabeth I was a prominent ruler during the colonial period of this empire. French Rivalry + engaged in Columbian Exchange.
• Jamestown


  First permanent English settlement; located in Virginia. Founded by London Company
• Mayflower Compact


  Pilgrims/Separatists agreement: agreement to obey laws created by the community and a profession of allegiance to the king
• Chesapeake colonies


  Term for the colonies of Maryland and Virginia
• Virginia colony


  This colony was founded in 1607. First settlement was Jamestown. Charter to stock company/royal. Tobacco was vital to its survival.
• 1619


  The year when the first U.S representative assembly was established - House of Burgesses (Jamestown, Virginia)
• Bacon's rebellion


  Colonial uprising that took place in 1676 in the Virginia colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. Virginians resented William Berkeley's friendly policy towards Native Americans. This was the first rebellion in American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part.
• Maryland colony


  Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore, founded to be a place for persecuted Catholics to find refuge, a safe haven, act of toleration
• Toleration Act


  Guaranteed religious toleration to trinitarian Christians, but decreed the death penalty to Jews and atheists and others who didn't believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ,
• New England colonies


  The term for the colonies of Massachusetts bay, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire
• Massachusetts Bay Colony


  Colony founded in 1630 by John Winthrop, part of the Great Puritan Migration, founded by puritans. Had a theocratic republic. "City upon a hill"
• John Winthrop


  Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"
• "City upon a hill"


  Said by Winthrop; refers to the idea that Puritan colonists emigrating to the New World were part of a special pact with God to create a holy community: a model society to the world/moral commonwealth
• Anne Hutchinson


  Woman who challenged Purtian religous authorities in Massachusetts Bay. Puritan authorities banished her because she challenged religious doctrine, gender roles. clerical authority, and claimed to have had revelations from God
• King Philip's war


  1675. longest and bloodiest conflict between settlers and natives in 17th century, native Wampanoags under KIng Phillip ( Indian Chieftain) resisted England encroachment on their land, they killed many settlers in Mass, English joined with Mohawks to defeat them
• Salem Witch Trials


  1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Massachussetts Bay puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress. Spectral evidence was used frequently.
• Rhode Island Colony


  Self-governing colony founded by Roger Williams in 1636; granted freedom for all religions and non-believers; religious toleration; disestablishment, universal suffrage for white males w/property qualifications; most democratic
• Disestablishment


  Separation of church and state; no religion is officially supported by the state/government; opposed tax-supported church
• Connecticut colony


  Colony founded by Thomas Hooker in 1636; self-governing; origin of Fundamental Orders
• Fundamental Orders


  The first constitution written in North America; granted ALL adult males to vote not just church going land owners as was the policy in Massachutes
• New Amsterdam


  Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. This later became "New York City"
• Restoration colonies


  Colonies created as a result from the land grants in North America given by King Charles II of England The two major restoration colonies were Pennsylvania and Carolina.
• New York colony


  Colony founded by Dutch in 1624. Very diverse and wealthy colony. Contained the Hudson river
• Pennsylvania colony


  Colony formed from the "Holy Experiment"; settled by Quakers. Founded by William Penn, who bought land from the Native Americans. Allowed religious freedom
• William Penn


  An English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.
• Georgia colony


  Colony founded by James Oglethorpe. Its first settlers were debtors and unfortunates( "worthy poor"). Tolerant to Christians but not Catholics. Acted as a buffer between Spanish Florida and the Carolinas.
• James Oglethorpe


  Founded Georgia; a member of parliament; philanthropist; social reformer (helping those in debtors' prisons)
• Mercantilism


  Economic philosophy of 17th and 18th century European nations; sought to increase wealth and power through acquisition of gold and silver and establishing a favorable balance of trade. Colonies served interest of mother country through importation of its raw materials -> Exportation > importation
• Triangular trade


  Trading System between Europe, Africa, and the colonies; European purchased slaves in Africa and sold them to colonies, new materials from colonies went to Europe while European finished products were sold in the colonies.
• Navigation Acts


  Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.
• "salutary/benign neglect"


  150 years of colonial self-rule due to Neglect by British authorities
• Dominion of New England

  1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.
• Glorious Revolution (in America)

  Elimination of Dominion of England in 1689; Plymouth added to Massachusetts in 1691; Reinstatement of legislative assemblies; Coode's Rebellion; some royal governors; more closely intertwined empire
• Puritanism


  The religion of a group of religious dissidents who came to the New World so they would have a location to establish a "purer" church than the one that existed in England
• Enlightenment


  18th century philosophy stressing reason, and how it can be used to improve the human condition. Natural rights was a major idea that influenced Thomas Jefferson in the writing of the Declaration of Independence.