CSMP 1.4

• Players


  Individual or organisation with an interest in decisions and actions affecting a place
• Players


  • Some might have influence in decision making
• EU


  Can influence economic change via grants for infrastructure development
• National and local government


  Departments responsible for education and training, major transport links and environmental management
• Business


  Generate money and profit on investment
• Local communities


  Concerns about area, interested in economic change such as employment and environmental matters
• Bermingham family


  Purchased a royal charter to hold a market in Birmingham, still active today
• Birmingham had a population of 15,000 in the early 1700's with people migrating in search of employment</b>
• Middle class were amongst the inhabitants as they searched for service sector jobs in law and banking
• Matthew Boulton


  Set up Soho manufactory that employed 700 people in the area
• Industries that dominated Birmingham in the 1800's


  • Jewellery
  • Button
  • Brass
• Cadbury Family


  Set up Bourneville factory and a model village for workers on the outskirts of the city
• Lloyds and Midlands banks were founded in Birmingham in the 1800's
• As a result of service jobs, the middle class population increased in Birmingham
• Austin car plant


  Opened in Longbridge in 1906
• Dunlop Tyre Company


  Employed 10,000 people by the 1950's
• Large areas of terraced housing were constructed to cope with rising population due to industries
• Inequalities developed between inner and outer city areas, worst being places like Aston
• Land sites, canals and rivers had high levels of pollution, air pollution reached high levels, with health impacts
• Local Authorities


  Carried out slum clearance schemes
• Slum clearance schemes resulted in small manufacturing premises still remaining being destructed, many businesses had difficulty finding new suitable premises
• 1973 oil crisis


  Prices increased tenfold as a result of the Arab Israeli war, TNCs began to move overseas as production costs were lower, resulting in a decline in manufacturing in the city
• Unions


  Strikes in 1970's for improved wages in Birmingham made the city appear less appealing to incoming car manufacturing industries
• National Government


  Encouraged foreign TNCs to look elsewhere as Birmingham had less economic problems than other places
• 110,000 houses in Birmingham were considered sub-standard following World War II
• In the 1950's and 60's over 400 tower blocks were constructed in Birmingham
• Birmingham's economy became more service based, public transport improved so people could commute, changing residential land use as people relocated to peripheral estates
• There was rising migration to Birmingham, particularly from South Asia and the Far East, who tended to cluster in cheap housing areas with good access to employment and worked in service sector jobs
• The median age in Birmingham is 34 compared to 40 in the UK
• Birmingham City Council


  Constructed the NEC and expanded Birmingham International Airport, improving international accessibility and bringing significant investment and income into the area
• Birmingham


  Given the right to host the Commonwealth Games, £500 million given by government to prepare, supporting 9000 full time equivalent jobs
• Birmingham City Council


  Funded £18 million refurbishment of the Town Hall, refurbished many areas like Victoria Square
• Bull Ring


  Refurbished in the 2000's, now has 160 shop units and attracts under 40 million people to the area annually
• National Government (Levelling Up)


  £352 million allocated to Birmingham, £17 million to regenerate derelict areas in East Birmingham, £20 million to improve roads and congestion
• EU Social Investment Fund


  £235 million secured between 2014-2020, funded projects improving insulation in run down social housing, partially funded the International Convention Centre and Symphony Hall
• Universities in Birmingham


  Combined student population of 50,000 contributing to the city's youthful profile, economically bringing significant wealth to the area, employing a large number of people and providing a market for goods and services