covalent bonding

• A covalent bond is between 2 or more non-metal atoms.
• A covalent bond is the attraction a positive nuclei has for a shared pair of electrons.
• covalent bonding

  A) positive nucleus

  B) negative electron

  
• A diatomic atom is a molecule made up of only 2 atoms.(they can be the same atom or 2 different atoms).
• • Hydrogen
  • Nitrogen
  • Fluorine
  • Oxygen
  • Iodine
  • Chlorine
  • Bromine
• The 7 diatomic molecules:

  • Hydrogen
  • Nitrogen
  • Fluorine
  • Oxygen
  • Iodine
  • Chlorine
  • Bromine

  Mnemonic: Have No Fear Of Ice Cold Beer
• covalent shapes:

  A) Linear

  B) all diatomic molecules

  C) Angular

  D) any molecule that has 4 atoms

  E) any molecule with 5 atoms, central atom surrounded by 4

  F) water, some textbooks refer to as bent

  
• A covalent network is one giant structure made up of very strong covalent bonds.
• covalent networks have very high melting and boiling points due to only containing very strong bonds which would require a lot of energy to break.
• covalent networks cannot conduct electricity (except from carbon in the form of graphite).
• covalent networks are insoluble due to their larger size.
• covalent molecules are small molecules with strong covalent bonds within the molecule and weak forces of attraction between molecules.
• covalent molecules have low melting and boiling points as it is the weak forces of attraction which are broken during these state changes. This is also why they are usually gases at room temperature.
• covalent molecules cannot conduct electricity, this is because they have no charged particles which are free to move.
• covalent molecules are insoluble in water but are soluble in some other solvents.
• covalent molecules:

  A) strong covalent bond

  B) weak force of attraction

  
• • do not conduct electricity because they do not have charged particles which are free to move