3.2 - aspects and reasons for family and household diversity

• 3.2 Woods and Smith


  decline in birth rate

  1871 = 5.5 per woman

  1921 = 2.4 per woman
• 3.2 Duncan and Philips


  positives of divorce

  63% of respondents agreed that divorce can be a positive step forwards to a new life
• 3.2 Jamieson


  commitment through cohabitation

  most couples ages 20-29 stressed their commitment

  cohabitation as 'try and see'

  against individualisation
• 3.2 Fletcher


  value of marriage

  higher divorce rates linked to higher value on marriage as couples expect compassionate relationships
• 3.2 Langford


  still looking for love

  women fear being alone, love is a natural bias for relationships

  love conceals the way men exercise power and control over women
• 3.2 Hall et al


  freeing young

  people are appealed to the idea of being free and focusing on their career
• 3.2 Greer


  changing role of women

  decline in popularity of marriage as positive result of women not wanting to be oppressed by their husbands
• 3.2 Gibson


  british secularisation

  religious values have weakened in society leading to a decline of value on marriage
• 3.2 Beaujouan and Brolchain


  cohabiting is the norm

  couples live together longer before getting married

  more opting out of marriage to cohabit
• 3.2 Parsons and Bales


  privatised nuclear family

  modern American family now structurally isolated from extended family
• 3.2 Leach


  nuclear family source of conflict

  nuclear family is the source of all our discontent
• 3.2 Chambers


  undeserving scroungers

  divorce cohabiting & lone parent show dominant moral decline
• 3.2 Giddens


  transformation of intimacy

  life long commitment replaced with confluent love
• 3.2 Beck and Beck Gernsheim


  individualisation

  individuals no longer bound to societal norms instead seek relationships that suit them
• 3.2 Park


  Changing social attitudes

  societal pressures changed

  sexual partner outside of a marriage is more acceptable
• 3.2 Heath


  kippers

  kids in parents pockets
• 3.2 Morgan


  lack of government support

  government don't give enough support to marriage and give too much help to unfavourable family types eg lone parent
• 3.2 Sharpe


  change in female aspiration

  2 working class girls studies - same school

  1976 = prioritised love, marriage and children - 67% wanted to live school early

  1994 = confident and independent, wanting financial dependency - 67% wanted to stay education
• 3.2 Allan and Crowe


  changing position of women

  main factor in influencing rise in number of divorces
• 3.2 Duncombe and Marsden


  double shift

  female dissatisfaction

  married women unhappy with husbands inability to take on responsibilities so end up doing household chores and emotional load
• 3.2 Roseneil and Budgeon


  breaking down of the heteronorm