MODULE 2

• The water transportation can further be subdivided into two categories:

  Inland transportation, Ocean transportation.
• either in the form of river transportation or canal transportation.

  Inland Water transportation
• adopted for trade and commerce.

  Ocean Water transportation
• What percent of international trade is carried out by shipping.

  75
• The development of navy force is intended for .

  national defense
• has an limitation and it possesses high flexibility.

  Ocean water transportation
• can be defined as a sheltered area of the sea in which vessels could be launched, built or taken for repair; or could seek refuge in time of storm; or provide for loading and unloading of cargo and passengers.

  harbour
• Harbours are broadly classified as:

  Natural harbours

  Semi-natural harbours

  Artificial harbours.
• Natural formations affording safe discharge facilities for ships on sea coasts, in the form of creeks and basins, are called

  natural harbours
• With the rapid development of navies engaged either in commerce or war, improved accommodation and facilities for repairs, storage of cargo and connected amenities had to be provided in

  natural harbours
• The factors such as local geographical features, growth of population, development of the area, etc. have made the ______ big and attractive.

  natural harbours
• This type of harbour is protected on sides by headlands protection and it requires man-made protection only at the entrance.

  Semi-natural harbours
• Where such natural facilities are not available, countries having a seaboard had to create or construct such shelters making use of engineering skill and methods, and such harbours are called

  Artificial harbours
• Other term for artificial harbours

  man-made harbours
• It is an artificial harbour

  Madras
• a naval vessel could obtain shelter during bad weather within a tract or area of water close to the shore, providing a good hold for anchoring, protected by______ walls against the fury of storms

  natural harbour or artificial harbour
• A deep navigable channel with a protective natural bank or shoal to seaward is a good example of a __

  natural roadstead
• A confined area naturally enclosed by islands as in a creek if available is known as a __.

  circumscribed natural roadstead
• These may be created suitably by constructing a breakwater or wall parallel to the coast or curvilinear from the coast

  Artificial roadsteads
• As an alternative a ____could be formed by enclosing tract provided good anchorage, by projecting solid walls called jetties, from the shore.

  circumscribed artificial roadstead
• Such roadsteads with smaller inner enclosures and wharf and with loading and unloading facilities are commonly provided for ___.

  fishing vessels
• From their utility and situation, harbours are further classified into three major types:

  Harbours of refuge including naval bases

  Commercial harbours, connected with ports

  Fishery harbours.
• Requirements of harbour of refuge:

  Ready accessibility

  Safe and commodious anchorage

  Facilities for obtaining supplies and repairs
• Accessibility depends on the ____

  location of the harbours
• The harbour entrance should be designed and located for __ negotiation by ships, overtaken by storms.

  quick easy
• At the same time, it should be narrow enough not to expose the harbour to the effects of the ____.

  stormy sea
• For harbours, the maximum dimensions up to __ have been adopted

  180
• The term __is used to indicate a harbour where terminal facilities, such a stores, landing of passengers and cargo, etc. are added to it.

  port
• Thus, a harbour consists of the waterways and channels as far as the pier head lines and a _____ includes everything on the landward side of those lines i.e. piers, slips, wharves, sheds, tracks, handling equipment, etc

  port
• Classification of ports: Depending upon the location, the ports can be classified as;

  Canal ports

  River ports

  Sea ports
• The term _______ is used to indicate an isolated, enclosed and policed area for handling of cargo; etc. for the purpose of reshipping without the intervention of customs.

  free port
• _____ thus indicates an area within which goods can be landed, stored, mixed, blended, repacked, manufactured and reshipped without payment of duties and without the intervention of custom department

  Free port
• Depending upon the commodities dealt with or their use, the ports can also be classified as

  grain ports, coaling ports, transhipment ports, ports of call, etc.
• Depending upon the size and location, the ports can also be grouped as major ports:

  intermediate ports and minor ports
• is able to attract trade and it commands a really pivoted position for the extension of communications

  major port
• It should be centrally situated for the _______. For a port, the _______is that part of the country behind it which can be served with economy and efficiency by the port.

  hinterland
• Some of the natural and meteorological phenomena which primarily affect the location and design of the harbour.

  TIDES AND WAVES
• ____ on the coast-line are caused by the sun and moon.

  Tides
• The effect of _____ is to artificially raise and lower the mean sea level during certain stated periods.

  tides
• This apparent variation of mean sea level is known as the _____.

  tidal range