CHAPTER 17: ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

• What is the purpose of getting vaccinated?


  Dress rehearsal for the immune system: helps you build immunity against certain pathogens
• What is a vaccine?


  suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that induce immunity
• What is a primary immune response called?

  humoral immunity
• What is humoral immunity responsible for?

  Antibody production and memory cells
• What are the benefits of receiving a vaccine?


  the next time you encounter the pathogen you were vaccinated against an intense secondary response will be produced quickly
• What is adaptive immunity?


  defenses that target a specific pathogen through vaccination or infection
• what is a primary response?


  the first time the immune system combats a certain foreign substance
• what is a secondary response?


  a later interaction with a pathogen that produced a primary response which is faster and more effective due to memory cells
• what are some characteristics of a secondary immune response?


  -rapid

  -lasts many days

  -greater in magnitude
• what is an antibody titer?


  Measurement of the concentration of antibodies in a person's blood after exposure to an antigen
• what does an antibody titer reflect?


  -intensity of humoral response
• what types of antibodies are produced first?


  IgM: usually indicates that the person is currently infected with a pathogen
• What does the presence of IgG antibodies indicate?

  Past infection or vaccination
• what is the purpose of humoral immunity?

  produce antibodies that combat antigens
• what cells are involved in the humoral response?

  B cells
• what are B cells?

  cells that are created and mature in red bone marrow
• where do B cells fight pathogens?

  outside of cells usually bacteria or toxins
• what types of cells are B cells?

  lymphocytes
• What is cellular immunity?

  Immune response involving T cells
• what do T-cells do?

  recognize antigenic peptides processed by phagocytosis cells
• where do T cells mature?


  Thymus
• What do T cells have on their surface?

  T cell receptors
• What do T cells receptors do?


  Recognize antigens causing T cells to secrete cytokines
• Where do T-cells fight invaders?


  inside cells: usually viruses, fungi, and parasites
• where do both T and B cells migrate after maturing?

  Lymph nodes
• what is an antigen?


  substances that cause the production of antibodies: usually components of microbes or foreign substances
• what is an ELISA test?

  helps detect if you are currently infected with a pathogen
• what are the advantages and drawbacks of an ELISA test?


  Advantages: cheap and rapid Drawbacks: lower sensitivity than PCR
• what are haptens?


  antigens too small to provoke immune responses and must attach to carrier molecules
• what are some examples of hapten?


  penicillin, pollen, dust, peanut, etc.
• What is this picture illustrating?


  Hapten molecules, carrier molecule, and hapten-carrier conjugate

  
• Describe the typical structure of an antibody


  includes antibody stem region, hinge region, light/heavy chains, and antigen-binding site
• What is an epitote?


  Part of an antigen which antibodies are able to recognize. Specific epitotes require specific antigen-binding sites
• a typical protein antigen has multiple ______

  epitotes
• How many total antibodies and epitotes are there?

  5 different antibodies bind to 10 epitotes
• what is the most abundant antibody?

  IgG
• Functions of IgG antibodies


  -enhance phagocytosis

  -neutralize toxins and viruses

  -protect fetus and newborn
• Functions of IgM antibody


  -effective against microorganisms and agglutinating antigens

  -first antibody produced in response to intital infection
• Functions of IgA antibody 


  -localized protection of mucosal surfaces: tears, saliva, mucus, intestines etc.
• function of IgD antibody


  -not known

  -present on B cell to initiate immune responses