CHAPTER 18: VACCINES

• What are the different types of vaccines?


  STARK

  -subunit, toxoid, attenuated live, recombinant, killed
• What are the different types of subunit vaccines?


  -antigenic fragment

  -virus-like particle
• what is an antigenic fragment subunit vaccine?


  stimulate an immune response by using a piece of an antigen
• what is an advantage of using antigen fragments in a subunit vaccine?

  less side effects
• What is a virus-like particle subunit vaccine?


  resembles an intact virus but does not contain viral genetic material just the “shell”
• why is a virus like particle subunit vaccine better than an antigenic fragment subunit vaccine?


  it is capable of creating different antibodies and recognize several epitotes
• What are toxoids?


  Inactive toxins used in vaccines to prevent disease
• toxoids build immunity against toxins but not against _____

  bacteria
• what is an antitoxin?

  an antibody that neutralizes a toxin
• when should you administer an antitoxin?

  promptly before culturing

  intravenously
• what do antitoxins cause?


  opsonization: coating of toxin in antibodies for easier phagocytosis
• what is a live attenuated vaccine?


  weakened pathogen is administered

  closely mimics an actual infection

  promotes strong immune response
• what type of immunity is gained from a live attenuated vaccine?


  lifelong cellular and humoral immunity
• does a live attenuated vaccine require a booster?

  does not require booster
• Why are live attenuated vaccines better than inactivated killed vaccines?


  produces a strong immune response due to close resemblance of a live pathogen
• what is a recombinant vaccine?


  subunit vaccines produced by genetic modification

  -usually combing different particles from different organisms
• what is a type of recombinant vaccine?

  conjugated
• what is a conjugated vaccine?


  a type of recombinant vaccine that is created by covalently attaching a poor antigen to a strong antigen to elicit a stronger immune response to poor antigen
• what are conjugated vaccines usually used to defend against?

  bacteria with capsules and biofilms
• what are nucleic acid vaccines?


  live recombinant bacteria or viral vectors that effectively stimulate the immune system as in natural infections
• How are nucleic acid vaccines administered?

  injection of naked DNA plasmid into muscle by a gene gun to produce protein antigen encoded in the DNA
• What are nucleic acid vaccines used for?


  usage on animals mice, horse, salmon

  -NOT FDA approved and NOT used on humans
• What is an mRNA vaccine?

  mRNA injected so that it can be translated into spike protein to stimulate production of antibodies against spike proteins
• what are examples of mRNA vaccines?


  Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna
• Within __ hours mRNA from a vaccine breaks down

  72
• what is an inactivated/killed vaccine?


  pathogen killed with heat or formaldehyde but still has antigens
• what is safer than a live vaccine?

  Inactivated vaccine
• what type of immunity do inactivated vaccines stimulate?

  humoral immunity
• does an inactivated vaccine require a booster?


  yes
• What are the different inactivated vaccines?


  Salk (Polio), pertussis, Hep A, Influenza, Rabies
• What is an adjuvant?


  A chemical substance that enhances the immune response to a vaccine
• what is an example of an adjuvant?


  Aluminum salts (only one approved in US)
• what do adjuvants stimulate?


  innate immune response by activating toll-like receptors
• Why is it important to get vaccinated?


  -natural infections can cause sever complications

  -vaccines may have symptoms bur they prevent sever complication and death

  -No link to autism

  -safest and most effective way of preventing infectious diseases in children
• What are some developments that still need to be made to vaccines?


  -development without the use of animals

  -use of plants as a source for vaccines

  -more oral vaccines

  -vaccines for chronic diseases

  -nanopatch: dry formulation to skin (no refrigeration)

  -multiple-combo vaccines
• What are immunological tests used for?


  -cancer screening

  -allergy test

  -detecting germs causing infection

  -diagnosing heart attacks and thrombosis

  -urine test

  -pregnancy test

  -rapid test for drugs and medication

  -determining your blood group
• what is sensitivity?


  The ability of a test or measurement to correctly identify individuals who have a particular condition or characteristic (ability to detect a positive result)
• What is specificity?


  probability that a positive test will not be reactive if a specimen is a true negative (how well does a test detect non-diseased individuals as not having the disease)

  -% of false positive results
• What are monoclonal antibodies?


  Antibodies produced by identical immune cells
• Describe the procedure of acquiring monoclonal antibodies

  -mouse injected with antigen to make antibodies

  -spleen removed and cells are placed in suspension

  -spleen cells mixed with myeloma cells that are capable of continuous growth and they fuse to form hybrid cells

  -mixture grown in selective media so only hybrid cells grow

  -cultured to produce large amounts of desired antibodies that fight against initial antigen