GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

• Allows a living thing to reproduce without another member of its species


  Asexual reproduction
• requires two genetic material, combination of haploid gametes

  sexual reproduction
• The parent organism divides into two nearly equal parts.

  Binary Fission
• An offspring develops as a growth on the parent organism and eventually separates.

  Budding
• The parent organism breaks into fragments, each capable of growing into a new organism.

  fragmentation
• An unfertilized egg develops into a new individual.

  Parthenogenesis
• New plants grow from parts of the parent plant, such as runners or tubers.

  Vegetative Reproduction
• Sperm and egg cells fuse to form a zygote.

  Gametic Fusion
• The fusion of male and female gametes.

  Fertilization
• The process where gametes are formed, involving cell division reducing the chromosome number by half.

  Meiosis
• These are the primary organs of the male reproductive system responsible for producing sperm cells and male hormones, such as testosterone.

  Testes
• A coiled tube located behind each testis where sperm

  Epididymis
• A long tube that carries sperm cells from the epididymis to the prostate gland through muscular contractions.

  Vas deferens
• A glandular organ that produces fluid for semen, providing nourishment and protection for sperm cells.

  prostate gland
• Two glandular organs that release fluid adding nutrients and balancing the pH of semen.

  Seminal Vesicle
• Small glands that release a clear fluid to cleanse the urethra and protect sperm cells from any remaining acidic urine in the urethra.

  Bulbourethral Glands
• the external organ of the male reproductive system containing the urethra and delivering semen during intercourse

  penis
• also known as seminal fluid


  semen
• It involves the monthly series of changes in the ovaries and the uterus, preparing the body for pregnancy

  menstrual cycle
• In this cycle, females experience a period of sexual receptivity (estrus) when they are fertile

  estrous cycle
• refers to the series of events that occur in the ovaries of female mammals

  ovarian cycle
• Some animals, such as deer and birds, have specific breeding seasons when they are more likely to reproduce.

  breeding season
• They do not have a specific breeding season and can mate and reproduce at any time.

  Continuous reproduction
• Some organisms, like aphids and rotifers, exhibit cyclic parthenogenesis, where they alternate between sexual and asexual reproduction in response to environmental conditions.

  Cyclic parthenogenesis
• responsible for supporting the plants as well as for the storage

  xylem
• for translocation

  phloem
• central pumping organ


  heart
• heart contractions

  systole and diastole
• the relaxation

  systole
• the driving force for blood circulation

  diastole
• conduits that transport blood throughout the body

  blood vessels
• carry oxygenated

  arteries
• carry deoxygenated

  veins
• facilitate exchange of gasses

  capillaries
• blood flows from heart to lungs

  pulmonary circulation
• blood flows from heart to body tissues

  systemic circulation
• maintain the levels of hormones in the body with desired limits

  feedback mechanism
• works to reverse deviations, stabilizing and maintaining homeotasis

  negative feedback mechanism
• amplify conditions, pushing the system

  positive feedback mechanism
• self regulating process

  hemeostasis