EGYPTS INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• Who was Muhammad Ali, and how did he try to industrialize Egypt?


  • Muhammad Ali was appointed to control Ottoman forces in Egypt
  • He tried to industrialize Egypt by modernizing it. He required egyptian peasants join the military, hired European advisers, kept egypt culture whole modernizing it, and bought modern weapons
• 1. How did Muhammad Ali’s impact in economic changes affect the lives and labor practices of Egyptian peasants?


  • more labor was enforced 
  • peasants had to work in winter for cotton
  • economic decline
  • egypt functioned like a british colony than a sovereign state
• 1. What were the three main reasons industrialization failed in Egypt?


  • failure of leadership
  • environment 
  • egyptian industry was driven into the ground by countries that also made cloth and didnt want the competition
• 1. How did Egypt's economic decline reshape people's ideas about industrialization and modernization?

  • Egypt's economic decline led to a reevaluation of ideas about industrialization and modernization. The failure of Egypt's industrialization efforts under Muhammad Ali and subsequent economic collapse disillusioned people about the potential benefits of industrialization. Many began to question the effectiveness and sustainability of Western-inspired modernization models, viewing them as sources of vulnerability rather than progress
• 1. What were some of the solutions Egyptian scholars and leaders proposed for modernizing Egypt more effectively?

  • Some advocated for a greater focus on diversifying the economy beyond cotton production to reduce dependency on a single export. Others called for investment in education, infrastructure, and technology to build a more resilient and competitive economy. Additionally, there were calls for greater self-reliance and national development strategies to counteract foreign influence and exploitation
• 1. What role did foreign powers play in the aftermath of Egypt's industrial collapse? How did these global forces impact Egyptian society?

  • European powers, particularly Britain and France, exerted influence over Egypt's economy, politics, and society through economic domination, political intervention, and military occupation. This led to a loss of sovereignty and economic exploitation, as foreign interests prioritized their own economic gains over the well-being of the Egyptian people
• The failure of Egypt's industrialization efforts underscores the challenges of implementing Western-inspired modernization models in non-Western contexts, particularly in the face of foreign interference and exploitation
• Egypt's industrialization efforts

  Challenges of implementing Western-inspired modernization models in non-Western contexts
• Egypt's industrialization efforts

  Foreign interference and exploitation
• Japan's successful industrialization was achieved through a combination of state-led development strategies, selective borrowing of Western technologies, and protectionist policies
• 1. How did industrialization transform society and labor practices in nineteenth-century Egypt?


  • Urbanization increased as people migrated to cities in search of employment in factories and other industries. This led to the emergence of a new urban working class, often subjected to harsh working conditions and exploitation. Traditional forms of labor, such as agriculture, also underwent changes as industrialization disrupted rural economies and land tenure systems
• Egypt's industrialization and actual independence


  Had both been ended by 1882
• Japan's strategic focus on


  • State-led development
  • Technology transfer
  • Protectionist policies
• Japan's strategic focus enabled it to


  • Achieve industrialization
  • Assert its independence on its own terms
• Egypt's industrialization efforts


  • Faltered due to economic mismanagement
  • Foreign intervention
  • Dependency
• Egypt's industrialization efforts faltering


  Led to a loss of sovereignty and economic decline
• Ali's Modernization Efforts


  Ali, the ruler of Egypt, introduced changes to modernize the country's economy in the 19th century. He encouraged increased cotton production and sponsored the establishment of factories to process cotton into textiles and other goods
• Impact on Peasants


  The expansion of cotton production changed the lives of Egyptian peasants, who were previously focused on growing food. They were now forced to work year-round, including in winter, to meet the demands of the cotton industry
• Industrialization Efforts


  Ali's government invested in industrialization by sponsoring factories, initially producing military uniforms and later expanding to other goods. This signaled Egypt's ambition to become an industrial power
• Economic Decline


  Despite initial success, Egypt's economy slowly declined in the second half of the 19th century. Factories stopped producing, and by the 1880s, Egypt was heavily indebted to Britain
• British Influence


  Due to its debt, Egypt became increasingly reliant on British banks and advisers, leading to British influence over Egyptian affairs. While Egypt remained technically independent, it functioned more like a British colony, with British interests dictating economic policies and decisions.
• Failure of Leadership


  Successors of Muhammad Ali from his family were criticized for ineffective rule. They focused excessively on cotton production, neglecting other crops and leading to over-reliance on a single export. They indulged in lavish lifestyles, borrowing heavily from European banks, which allowed these banks to influence Egyptian policy
• Environmental Constraints


  Egypt's lack of coal resources hindered industrialization. Instead, factories relied on animal power, which was less efficient and more expensive than coal-powered machinery used in Britain and Europe
• Sabotage by Industrial Powers


  Some argue that Egypt's industrial decline was purposefully orchestrated by countries like Britain and France, who imposed tariffs on imported cloth to protect their own industries. These tariffs made it difficult for Egyptian goods to compete in international markets. Additionally, European powers forbade the Ottoman Empire, and by extension Egypt, from imposing tariffs on European goods, further disadvantaging Egyptian industries. As a result, Egyptian factories struggled to compete with the low prices of European goods
• • egypy had the susez canal
• • the susez canal connected the Mediterranean sea to the Red Sea's Gulf of Suez
• • europeans pryed in egypt bc of the susez canal.  the canal was an extremely valuable shortcut for European powers to access their colonial empires. they all wanted control over it.
• European Intervention

  Egypt's leaders faced challenges in dealing with European intervention, exacerbated by the country's economic struggles following the industrial collapse
• Selling Shares in the Suez Canal


  In 1875, the king of Egypt sold his shares in the Suez Canal Company to the British, giving them control over this vital national resource. This move was made out of financial desperation and left many Egyptians disgruntled
• Urabi Revolt


  In 1881, Colonel Ahmad Urabi and a group of Egyptian military officers seized control of Egypt's government in response to British interference. They represented a new nationalist leadership seeking to assert Egyptian independence
• British Seizure of Egypt


  The British took advantage of the internal turmoil in Egypt and seized control of the country in 1882, restoring the king as a puppet ruler under their control. This marked the end of Egypt's industrialization efforts and its actual independence
• Loss of Independence and Industrialization

  By 1882, Egypt had lost both its industrialization momentum and its independence. The country's aspirations for industrialization and sovereignty were thwarted by British intervention and domination. Egypt would not achieve industrialized nation-state status until much later, and under less favorable circumstances than envisioned by Muhammad Ali