Lesson 4

• Sonority is the amount of acoustic energy a sound has; the relative loudness of a speech sound.
• Syllable is a peak of sonority that is surrounded by less sonorous sounds.
• 5-POINT METHOD IN DESCRIBING SPEECH SOUND ARTICULATION: 

  • The Airstream mechanism
  • State of the Vocal Cord
  • Position of the Velum
  • Place of Articulation
  • Manner of Articulation
• Place of Articulation is the point of contact, where the obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an active, moving articulator and a passive articulator.
• Places of Articulation parts:

  A) Dental

  B) Labiodental

  C) Bilabial

  D) Alveolar

  E) Post-Alveolar

  F) Palatal

  G) Velar

  H) Glottal

  
• Bilabial - Formed by a closure of the lips 
• Labiodental - Lower lip touching the upper front teeth
• Interdental - Placing the tips of the tongue between the upper & lower teeth
• Alveolars - Tongue against or close to the alveolar ridge
• Palatal - Raising the blade, or front of the tongue toward or against the hard palate just behind the alveolar ridge. 
• Velar - Raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate or velum
• Uvulars - The back of the tongue against or near the uvula, that is, further back in the mouth than velar consonants
• Glottals - Restricting the airflow through the open glottis ([h]) or by interrupting the breath stream during speech or closure of the glottis (glottal stop)
• Oral sounds are those produced with the velum raised to prevent air from escaping out of the nose
• Nasal sounds are those produced with the velum lowered to allow air escape out of the nose
• Manner of Articulation is the configuration and interaction of the articulators when making a speech sound.
• Stops - Produced by completely stopping the airflow in the oral cavity for a fraction of second
• Fricatives - Severely abstracting the airflow so as to cause friction
• Africates - A stop closure that is released with a lot of friction
• Approximants - Bringing two articulators close together without them touching as the sound is produced. The result is smooth, vowel like sound
• Trills - rapidly vibrating an articulator
• Flaps - a flick of the tongue against the alveolar ridge
• Clicks - moving air in the mouth between various articulators
• 8 Places of Articulation:

  • Bilabial
  • Labiodental
  • Interdental
  • Alveolar
  • Palatal
  • Velar
  • Uvular
  • Glottal
• 7 Manners of Articulation:

  • Stops
  • Fricatives
  • Africates
  • Approximants
  • Trills
  • Flaps
  • Clicks
• 2 Speech sounds Classification:

  • Consonants
  • Vowels