extra aos2

• CRISPR-Cas9


  Application of CRISPR-Cas9
• Application of CRISPR-Cas9


  • Knocking out genes that code for undesirable traits
  • Improving photosynthetic efficiency
  • Improving crop yield
  • Improving crop quality
  • Improving biotic and abiotic stress resistance
  • Hybrid-breeding

  
• Improving photosynthetic efficiency


  1. Maximising production of glucose

  2. Rubisco enzyme (protein) cannot distinguish between CO2 and O2 (competitive inhibitor)

  3. Genes encoded that result in binding of O2 can be knocked out + replacing it

  4. Improves photosynthetic efficiency

  5. Reduces photorespiration
• Increasing/improving crop yields


  1. CRIPR-Cas9 knocks out genes of negative effect in crop yield

  2. Improves crop yield + faster growth rates
• Rice


  • Improved eating and cooking qualities by reducing the grain's overall sugar content by knocking out the Waxy gene
  • Improved nutrient quality by increasing the amount of amylose and reducing the starch in the rice by altering the genes that produce the proteins that produce starch
• Biotic and abiotic resistance


  • Crop resistance is improved through CRISP-Cas9
  • Pest resistance
  • Disease resistance
  • Drought resistance
  • Wheat, cotton, tomato, potatoes etc.
• Hybrid breeding


  1. Crops with desirable traits are created by two different breeds

  2. CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing allows effective way to enhance certain traits

  3. Faster growth rates + improves crop yield
• How can CRISPR-Cas9 be used to improve photosynthetic efficiencies?

  1. Genetically engineer crops to bypass photorespiration (C4 and CAM plants)

  2. Introduce alternative routes to photorespiration

  3. Make Rubisco more efficient

  4. Make other enzymes in the Calvin Cycle more efficient

  5. Target chloroplasts to improve light capture

  6. Target stomata to reduce water loss and improve CO2 uptake

  
• How can CRISPR-Cas9 be used to improve crop yields?


  1. Greater herbicide resistance

  2. Greater pesticide resistance

  3. Immunity against viruses (disease resistance)

  4. Immunity against bacteria (disease resistance)

  5. Drought tolerance

  6. Heat stress tolerance
• hypothesis format = If (change in IV) then (change in DV)