Cards (18)

    • Sex
      The physical and biological differences between males and female, such a different genes, hormones, and genitals.
    • Gender
      The cultural expectations attached to a person's sex, such as masculine and feminine norms.
    • Biological determinists 

      Gender is based on nature
    • Social constructionists 

      Gender is based on socialisation
    • Parsons
      • Women more suited for 'expressive' roles - domesticity
      • Men naturally suited to 'instrumental' roles - paid employment
    • Mead - 3 tribes of New Guinea 

      1. Both masculine - rough, competitive, and aggressive
      2. Both feminine - gentle and submissive
      3. Reversed - women made sexual advances, men gossiped
    • Oakley
      • Canalisation - channelling interests into ones that are gender appropriate
      • Manipulation - smiling at girl doing feminine activities, frowning if she climbs a tree
      • Role modelling - girls watch mother, boys watch father
    • McRobbie & Garber 

      • Girls are socialised into a 'bedroom culture' where it becomes the norm for them to stay indoors whilst boys play outside
      • Boys have more freedom, girls are closely controlled and receive more sanctions if they misbehave
    • Jackson
      • Rise in girls involved in gangs, violence and anti-school subcultures
      • New types of assertive femininity emerging - studied the 'Ladettes' who rejected the traditional 'good girl' model
    • Sharpe - longitudinal study 

      • 1970s women valued marriage, love, and children
      • 1990s women prioritised careers, money, and travel
    • Hines
      • All of her transgender participants had transgendered feelings in childhood but their resistance to their ascribed gender was seen by family members as unacceptable
      • Found validation in their trans identity in the media, namely 'Rocky Horror Picture Show' and 'Lola' by the Kinks, or after breaking away from family.
      • Most only felt their identity was legitimate after seeking medical help
    • Sewell
      • Young black boys used rap stars to create a hypermasculinity
    • Walter
      • Media has creates a hypersexual culture of femininity that teaches gender roles
    • Connell
      British men were socialised into hegemonic masculinity, expected to be financial providers and authority figures in the home, but there are now new types emerging:
      1. Complicit masculinity = sharing roles within families
      2. Subordinate masculinity = homosexual men
      3. Marginalised masculinity = response to the decline of traditional masculinity due to less manual work and more unemployment
    • Mac an Ghaill
      • 'Crisis of masculinity' = insecurity of British working class men due to the loss of the strong sense of male pride that they gained through heavy manual work
      • Not comfortable with alternative male identities so may turn to depression, crime, or domestic abuse instead
    • Wilkinson
      • 'Genderquake' = fundamental shift in women under 35, grown assuming gender equality is their birthright
      • Profound change in the distribution of power between men and women
      • More women at work than ever before - feminisation of the workplace and a revolution in their ambitions
    • Hey
      • Middle-class girls felt powerful enough to reject traditional femininity but working-class girls did not
    • Pinker
      • A 'toxic masculinity' still exists and forces boys into hegemonic roles
      • Few men are allowed to move into a 'tender masculinity'