Demography

• Birth rate


  the number of live births per thousand of population per year
• Reasons for decline in birth rate

  - changes in women's position

  - decline in the infant mortality rate

  - children are now an economic liability

  - child centredness
• When was there some fluctuation in long term decline in births

  Baby boom after world wars
• The dependency ratio


  Relationship between working and non working part of the population
• Total fertility rate


  The average number of children born to a woman during her fertile years
• Why has the total fertility rate decreased

  More women's remaining childless

  Women postponing having children and prioritising career
• How does the aging population affect taxes

  More old people = more dependent on workers = higher taxes for pensions/healthcare
• Why is the aging population such an issue?

  More old people in the population than young

  Older people consume more services eg healthcare
• What does Phillipson say about the aging population


  (M) Old are no use to capitalism as no longer productive - state unwilling to support them
• Hunt - the aging population


  Marketing targets older people through identity loss eg body maintenance
• Reasons for decline in death rate


  Mckeown - improved nutrition

  - decline in dangerous, manual jobs

  - medial improvements eg NHS 1948

  - life expectancy increased

  Harper - reduction in smoking (replaced by obesity)
• How does immigration lower average age of population


  Tend to be younger

  More fertile - producing more children
• Differentiation in types of migrant

  - permanent settlers

  - temporary workers

  - spouses

  - refugees
• What is acceleration the rate of migration?

  Globalisation - barriers between society disappearing
• 3 types of migrant according to Cohen


  Citizens

  Denizens

  Helots
• What are helots


  Slaves (exploited workers)
• What are denizens


  Privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state.
• 2 types of hybrid identites developed by migrants according to Eade


  Assimilationism

  Multiculturalism
• What is assimilationism?


  Encourage immigrants to adopt the language, values, and customs of the host culture
• What is multiculturalism?


  Accepts migrants may wish to retain separate cultural identity