HE 1.5

• Nepal: How does attempt Nepal Modify Earthquake events (2) - While primary hazards of an earthquake event cannot be modified, some secondary hazards can - Deforestation reduces slope stability, afforestation programmes operate in some vulnerable parts of the country and since 1992 forest cover in nepal has doubled
• Nepal: What are the ways in which the National society for earthquake technology modifies vulnerability to earthquakes in nepal (3) - Hazard Mapping - Building codes - Educational programmes and awareness schemes, like go bags
• Nepal: Describe National society for earthquake technology in terms of modifying vulnerability in Nepal - NSET is an NGO responsible for reducing vulnerability in Nepal - Nepal is an LIDC so NGO's play a more significant role in managing vulnerability
• Nepal: Describe and Evaluate Hazard Mapping in terms of modifying vulnerability in Nepal (2) - Mapping high risk shake zones and landslide prone areas help local governments plan infrastructure developments and increase community preparedness - However in Nepal 90% of the population live in rural communities where poverty is high, hence they pay little regard to whether or not they live in a hazardous area to maintain their lifestyle
• Nepal: Describe and Evaluate building codes in terms of modifying vulnerability in Nepal (2) - Set of rules specifying the standards for constructed objects mandatory in Nepalese urban areas, but not extended out to rural areas - This did modify vulnerability to a great extent in urban areas like Bharatpur where there were 0 deaths as a result of the 2015 earthquake, but this did not prevent death in rural areas
• Nepal: Describe and evaluate go bags in terms of modifying vulnerability in Nepal (2) - Encouraging households to have a go bag that contains items useful in an earthquake like dired foods, whistle and water - 4000 people between 2011 and 2015 were trained to raise awareness around the importance of go bags
• Nepal: Describe and evaluate educational programmes in terms of modifying vulnerability in Nepal (3) - Improving the safety of schools in Nepal by making school constructions safer, training local masons in earthquake building practises - Training of staff and students in earthquake safety - Effective in urban areas where literacy rates and education rates are much higher, like Bharatpur where it was estimated up to 30% could have died from a quake event, but in reality 0 died
• Nepal: Describe and Evaluate Nepals strategy to modify loss (3) - Intervention of international disaster relief agencies, 300 humanitarian agencies involved after 2015 earthquake, like red cross and christian aid (Nepal is reliant on these NGOs as they are an LIDC) - However delivery of relief was slow and disorganised, women were often discriminated against in the relief process, and mountainous regions were difficult to access due to landslides, contributing to the 8800 deaths
• Japan: What are the ways in which the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) is modifying vulnerability in Japan (3) - Building and infrastructure - Aseismic Design and fireproofing and Tsunami walls and warning - Land Use Zoning - Educational Programmes and increasing community awareness schemes
• Japan: Describe Aseismic design and fireproofing in terms of modifying vulnerability in Japan (4) - After 1995 Kobe earthquake many older wooden buildings were given fireproofing - Aseismic designs were also developed in Tokyo like steel frames, rubber shock absorbed foundations, and counterweights on roofs - To date almost 90% of tokyos buildings have been constructed according to modern seismic standard - Tokyo Skytree is a flagship aseismic design costing 500 million USD to construct
• Japan: Describe tsunami walls and warning in terms of modifying vulnerability in Japan (2) - Japan have installed tsunami warning systems off the coast, in 2011 these systems issued a warning 3 minutes after the quake triggering alerts broadcast on the media and via phone alerts - Following the 2011 tsunami waves topping the sea wall, Japan have constructed a 12 billion pound 400km tsunami shield to protect against future tsunamis
• Japan: Describe Land Use zoning in terms of modifying vulnerability in Japan (2) - Controls or prevents building in locations susceptible to shaking or liquefaction much more effectively than the likes of Nepal, not many of its population are rural subsistence farmers - Also helps prevent overcrowding of buildings in high risk areas, and provides open spaces where people can assemble following the quake, 200 of these assembly areas can be found in tokyo
• Japan: Describe educational programmes in terms of modifying vulnerability in Japan (3) - Japan has various refuge sites mapped out equipped with tents, water and blankets, tokyo has 1200 mapped out across the city - Disaster education is conducted from daycare to higher education, with 1st of september being national earthquake day, helping to build awareness - Only 15% of the population felt unprepared for an earthquake in 2007
• Japan: Describe how Japan modifies loss (2) - Well Rehearsed recovery and reconstruction plans - Prefabricated housing
• Japan: Describe well rehearsed recovery and reconstruction plans in terms of how japan modifies loss (2) - Effective at a national, regional and local scale and can be actioned immediatley following a quake - In 2011 just hours after the quake and tsunami, rescue workers and 100,000 of the Japanese self defense force were rapidly mobilised to support recovery
• Japan: Describe prefabricated housing in terms of how japan modifies loss (2) - In 2011 300,000 displaced residents were given prefabricated housing in tsunami damaged areas to prevent homelessness, there was a total of 500,000 displaced citizens - Despite this achievement 22,000 cannot return to areas like fukushima 10 years on and continue to live in this poor quality housing, yet this may not be the governments fault
• Indonesia: Provide some statistics around Indonesia (4) - 4000 USD GBP - 30% of population employed in primary sector - 96% literacy rate - 0.5 Doctors per 1000
• Indonesia: What is the institution responsible for modifying vulnerability to volcanoes in Indonesia - Centre for volcanology and geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM)
• Indonesia: What are some of the ways in which the CVGHM modify vulnerability to volcanic eruptions in Indonesia - Monitoring - Lahar Mapping - Land Use zoning
• Indonesia: Describe monitoring in terms of ways in which the CVGHM modifies vulnerability to volcanic eruptions (2) - Set up the first seismograph station on Mount Merapi in 1924, however funding for the programme was limited at the time due to indonesias weak economy and recent polictical violence, so volcano management was low priority - Over time the CVGHM has upgraded the monitoring instruments, with 60 volcanoes in Indonesia monitored and over 8 seismograph stations monitoring Merapi
• Indonesia: Describe Lahar Mapping in terms of ways in which the CVGHM modifies vulnerability to volcanic eruptions (2) - Countries humid tropical climate mean it is most vulnerable to Lahars during the rainy season from November to March - National agency for disaster management has been set up and University researches have worked alongside this organisation to install lahar sensors and CCTV to monitor and reduce risk
• Indonesia: Describe land use zoning in terms of ways in which the CVGHM modifies vulnerability to volcanic eruptions (2) - CVGHM works closely with local governments and advises on community preparedness and land use zoning, for example they recommended a ban on settlement on the slopes of merapi, later put into force with villagers on the southern slopes being encouraged to leave with financial incentives - However citizens hold a strong bond with farms and often return during an eruptio to rebuild and accept the risks of living near a volcano, in Merapis 2010 eruption 100,000 villages evacua...
• Indonesia: Describe how indonesia modifies loss to manage volcanic hazards (2) - Disaster response - well trained and equipped emergency services used in 2010 eruption with the armed forces trained in search and rescue - Reducing further loss by providing temporary shelters in safe zones and authroities cleaned river channels following eruption to reduce risk of flooding and to contain lahars - they recycled some of the material to rebuil infrastructure like roads
• Italy: Describe how Italy has attempted to modify volcanic events to reduce volcanic hazards - Italy has constructed lava diversion channels to divert mount etnas flow, as well as erection of earth barriers and dropping large concrete blocks into the lava flow to slow the lava in order to dig channels to divert lava
• Italy: What is the institution responsible for modifying italys vulnerability to volcanic eruptions - Volcanic Risk Service
• Italy: Describe how the VRS modifies italys vulnerability to volcanic eruptions (5) - Analysis of eruptions - Monitoring - Research and cooperation - Alert systems - Hazard resistent buildings
• Italy: Describe analysis of eruptions in terms of how the VRS modifies italy's vulnerability to volcanic eruptions - VRS carries out long term analysis of eruption patterns of volcanoes like Etna, recording these characteristics gives the service a better indication of how to reduce vulnerability to future eruptions
• Italy: Describe monitoring in terms of how the VRS modifies italy's vulnerability to volcanic eruptions (3) - Precursors for volcanic eruptions can be monitored, like seismic activity and swelling of the ground - There are 4 active seismograph stations and 3 tilt meters on etna to detect eruptions - The sensors have detected 95% of eruptions and allows alerts to be sent to researchers over an hour before the eruption to encourage evacuation
• Italy: Describe research and cooperation in terms of how the VRS modifies italy's vulnerability to volcanic eruptions (2) - VRS makes international comparisons with similar volcanic eruptions - In 2021 south korea and italy collaborated to improve analysis and monitoring of volcanic eruptions across both countries
• Italy: Describe alert systems in terms of how the VRS modifies italy's vulnerability to volcanic eruptions - VRS has a well understood alert sequence, understood by all levels of government, emergency services, helps to increase community preparedness and evacuation programmes
• Italy: Describe hazard resistant buildings in terms of how the VRS modifies italy's vulnerability to volcanic eruptions - Pitched roof addition to homes near volcanoes with flat roofs, encourages ash fall and preventing roof collapse, a pitched roof above 35 degrees reduces ash accumulation on roofs
• Italy: Describe how Italy modifies loss in order to manage hazards produced by volcanic eruptions (2) - Rebuilding - Italian government has resources to compensate individuals and business and restore infrastructure through insurance - in 2021 italian government gave 5 million euros to remove volcanic debris from villages in sicily - Disaster response - well trained emergency response teams meant hospitals have not been overwhelmed to the same extent as those in Indonesia
• What is the definition of a hazard Geophyisical events such as volcanic eruptions and earthquakes become hazards when they pose a risk to people or property
• What are the ways in which we can measure the degree of risk posed by a hazard - Disaster threshold - Disaster risk equation - Monitoring vulnerability vs resilience
• Describe the disaster threshold in terms of the ways in which we can determine the degree of risk posed by a hazard (2) - A threshold level is used to determine whether the impact of the event is large enough to be considered a disaster - 10 or more deaths, 100 or more injured or 1 million USD in economic losses, or declaration of a state of emergency
• What is the disaster risk equation in terms of the ways in which we can determine the degree of risk posed by a hazard Risk of disaster = (magnitude * vulnerability) / Capacity to Cope
• Describe the definition of vulnerability in terms of the ways in which we can determine the degree of risk posed by a hazard - Concerned with the ability of a community to withstand exposure to an risk from a hazard like an earthquake or eruption, like building regulations
• Describe the definition of resilience in terms of the ways in which we can determine the degree of risk posed by a hazard - An indication of the rate of recovery from the hazardous event that has put a community under threat, and how well society can function at an acceptable level when a tectonic force has affected them, like rebuilding
• What are the strategies to cope with risks from tectonic hazards - Modifying tectonic events - Modifying vulnerability - Modifying loss
• Describe modifying tectonic events in terms of strategies to cope with risks from tectonic hazards (2) - Modifying eruptions can be modified with limited success, lava diversion channels, spraying lava with water to solidify it, dropping concrete blocks into lava to slow its movement - It is impossible however to modify earthquakes, but you can manage secondary hazards, like planting of trees in nepal to reduce landslide risk