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physics paper 1
practical skills
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Elza Abbasova
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Cards (26)
Standing waves on a string
1. Set up
vibration
generator and
signal
generator
2. Thread string through and tie to
retort
stand
3. Add masses to create
tension
4. Observe standing wave pattern
5. Measure
frequency
and
length
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Standing waves on a string
First harmonic has nodes at each end and an anti-node in the middle
Can vary
length
,
tension
, and
mass
per
unit
length
to see effects on frequency
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Equation for
speed
of wave: v = 2fL
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Interference (Young's double slit and diffraction grating)
1. Use
class
2
laser (power < 1mW)
2. Set up double slit apparatus and measure
slit separation
3. Measure
distance to screen
4. Measure
fringe width
5. Plot graph of fringe width vs distance
6. Use gradient to calculate
wavelength
7. Set up diffraction grating apparatus
8. Measure angles of
diffraction maxima
9. Plot graph of sin(theta) vs
order
10. Gradient gives
wavelength
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Interference
Double slit: W =
lambda
*D/s
Diffraction grating:
nλ
= d sin(θ)
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Finding the value of G by free fall method
1. Use
electromagnet
to hold steel ball
2. Release ball and measure time of fall between
light gates
3. Use s =
1/2 gt^2
to calculate g
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Finding G by free fall
Measure
distance
between light gates and time of fall
Use s = 1/2 gt^2 to calculate
g
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Young's modulus
1. Stretch wire and measure
extension
2. Calculate Young's modulus from stress-strain relationship
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Resistivity of a wire
1. Use circuits to measure resistance of wire
2. Calculate resistivity from
resistance
,
length
and cross-sectional area
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Internal resistance and EMF of a cell
1. Use circuits to measure
voltage
with and without
load
2. Calculate internal resistance and EMF from voltage measurements
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Typical setup for measuring time of fall
1. Place something between two light gates
2. Use an
electromagnet
to hold a steel ball bearing in place
3. Turn off electricity to
demagnetize
and let ball fall
4. Connect to a
timer
to measure time of fall
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s
Distance between
light gates
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Alternative setup for measuring time of fall
1. Use a timer connected to
electromagnet
to start timer
2. Have a
plate
at bottom that stops timer when ball hits it
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The setup depends on the
data logging
equipment available
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Using the s=ut+1/2at^2 equation to find g
1. Replace a with
g
2. Rearrange to
2s/t
= gt + 2u
3. Plot 2s/t vs t to get a straight line
4. Gradient is
g
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Gravitational field strength g should be around
9.81
m/s^2
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Young's modulus
Ratio of
stress
to
strain
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Measuring Young's modulus using a wire
1.
Clamp
one end of wire firmly
2. Attach other end to
pulley
and
weights
3. Measure change in
length
as
weight
increases
4. Calculate stress, strain, and Young's modulus
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Stress
Force
per unit area
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Strain
Change in
length
divided by original length
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Young's modulus for steel is around
210
GPa
View source
Measuring wire resistivity
1. Set up circuit with
power
supply
,
ammeter
,
voltmeter
, and
wire
sample
2. Vary
length
of wire and measure
current
and
potential
difference
3. Use V=IR and A=πr^2 to calculate resistivity
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Resistivity
Material
property
measured in ohm-meters
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Measuring EMF and internal resistance of a cell
1. Set up circuit with
cell
,
voltmeter
,
ammeter
, and
variable
resistor
2. Vary
external
resistance
and measure
terminal
voltage
and
current
3. Plot V vs I to find gradient (
-internal
resistance
) and y-intercept (
EMF
)
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EMF
Electromotive force,
voltage
when no current flows
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Internal resistance
Resistance
within the cell
View source
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