CELLS TO ORGAN SYSTEMS

• 7 life processes


  Movement

  Respiration

  Sensitivity

  Growth MRS GREN

  Reproduction

  Excretion

  Nutrition
• Animal cells have


  Nucleus

  cytoplasm

  cell membrane

  mitochondria

  ribosomes
• Plant cells have


  nucleus

  cytoplasm

  cell membrane

  cell wall

  mitochondria

  vacuole

  chloroplasts
• Nucleus


  Controls cell activity . Contains DNA.
• Cell membrane


  A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
• Cytoplasm


  A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
• Cell wall


  A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell
• Permanant vacuole


  Contains cell sap
• Chloroplast


  Filled with chlorophyl - it is where photosynthesis occurs
• Mitochondrion


  Powerhouse of the cell (provides energy so that the plant can do its job)
• micrometer


  1000th of a millimetre
• 1 micrometre (µm)


  0.001 mm
• Diffusion


  Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
• Osmosis


  diffusion of water
• Partially permeable


  allowing only certain substances through
• dilute solution


  a solution that contains a small amount of solute
• Concentrated solution


  a solution containing a large amount of solute
• Red bloodcells


  Haemoglobin - Takes oxygen and cobondioxide
• Unicelular Organism


  an organism made up of only one cell
• Cells to Organ Systems

  organelles, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
• Circulatory system


  (aka cardiovascular system)

  Main organ = Heart

  Transport blood around the body from the heart and back

  Carries oxygen and glucose

  Arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart (Oxygenated)

  Veins carry blood TO the heart (deoxygenated)
• Nervous system


  Main type of cell = neurons

  Neurons contain = Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

  bundles up neurons = nerves

  Main organs = spinal cord and brain

  electric signals/messages sent along nerve fibres
• What organs are in the digestive system


  - Mouth

  - Oesophagus

  - Stomach

  - Small intestine

  - Large intestine
• How does the digestive system work?


  -In the mouth food is moistened with saliva

  -The salivary glands produce amylase enzyme - break down starch

  -The oesophagus is a tube - takes food to the stomach. Muscle contraction helps food move down

  -The liver is where bile is produced. Bile neutralises stomach acids

  -The stomach. It produces the protease enzymes to break down protein and amino acids. It produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria

  -The small intestine produces portease, amylase and lipase enzymes to complete digestion. This is also where the food is absorbed out of the digestive system

  -The large intestine is where excess water is absorbed from the food
• Lipase enzyme


  breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
• Protease enzymes


  break down proteins into amino acids
• Amalase enzymes


  Breaks down starch into sugars
• Which organ does drinking effect

  Liver
• Which organ does It effect when not eating enough fibre?

  Intestines
• Which organ does smoking effect

  Lungs
• Which organ does too much fat effect

  Heart
• Villi


  Tiny finger-shaped structures that cover the inner surface of the small intestine and provide a large surface area through which digested food is absorbed
• Respiratory system


  Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide

  Oxygen and glucose (arrow) Carbon dioxide, Water and energy
• organs of the respiratory system


  Nose

  Trachea

  Bronchus

  Bronchiole

  Alveolus

  Diaphragm
• How the respiratory system works


  - Air goes into body via nose/mouth

  - Moves down the trachea

  - Moves down bronchus

  - Moves through bronchioles

  - Moves through alveoli

  - Oxygen then diffuses into BLOOD
• BREATHING


  Muscles in the chest contract
• INHALING


  Diaphragm contracts - moves down

  Volume in chest increases

  Pressure in chest decreases
• EXHALING


  Muscles relaxes

  Diaphragm relaxes

  Volume in chest decreases

  Pressure in chest increases
• Spirometer


  instrument used to measure breathing
• Bones in avg human being

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