Society

• how many peers were there in henry's reign


  the size increased but by the end of the reign, there were only 9 more peers than there had been at the beginning.
• how did new peers achieve their title


  result of succesful royal service as courtiers and soliders. in some cases, this was enhanced by a close family relationship. e.g the king's brother in law, edward seymour was elevated to the earldom of hertford.
• who was the only duke there when henry came to the throne


  edward stafford, duke of buckingham
• Who did Henry promote to non- royal ducal titles?


  Norfolk and Suffolk
• who was henry courtenay, Marquess of Exeter?

  he was dominant in the south west and had a close rs with henry but this broke down when he had identification with the Aragonese faction and his enmity towards Cromwell.
• who was John, Baron Russell and earl of bedford

  long career as courtier. he served henry as a diplomat and solider and became a councillior in 1536. following exeter's fall, russel was granted a huge amount of monastic land in Devon to bolster royal support in the southwest.
• what were nobles expected to do


  to have great households and offer hospitality to their affinity and neighbours. they also recruit royal armies.
• an example of a noble recruiting a royal army


  the earl of shrewsbury raised over 4000 men for the invasion of france in 1513
• what happened with bastard fuedalism

  it still hasnt died out completely.
• what happened to Thomas Fiennes, Baron Dacre of the South?

  1541, he was tried for the murder of a neighbour's servant but he was convicted and hanged like a common criminal.
• examples of other nobles falling victim to henry

  Duke of Buckingham 1521

  Henry Pole Baron Montague and Henry Courtenay , Marquess of Exeter 1538

  Lords Darcy and Hussey were executed for their roles in the rebellion of 1536
• How many gentry families were there in England in 1540?

  about 5000 (John Guy)
• How many knightly families were there in 1524?

  about 200
• Who was an esquire?

  a gentlemen who was entitled to bear a coat of arms
• who certified the title of an esquire

  royal heralds
• who did heralds not grant a title to

  by 1530, they were unwilling to grant the title to anyone with lands worth less than £10 per annum or goods worth under £300
• was there a change in commoners in the first half of henry's reign


  little dramatic change

  social structure was substantially unchanged.

  people felt ill feelings when the rise in inflation happened as it led to a drop of real incomes then came the imposition of the amicable grant.
• Laws in Wales Act 1536


  -divided wales up into shire counties which operated on the same basis as their english counterparts

  -gave welsh shires direct representation in the house of commons at Westminster for the first time.

  -brought wales into the same legal framework as England
• Act Resuming Liberties to the Crown 1536


  reduced level of independence enjoyed by the bishop, but did not destroy it completely
• which counties were 'palatinates'


  Lancashire, Cheshire and Durham
• Anglo welsh border administration

  the lands which were governed as part of the principality of Wales, along with 4 other bordering counties came under the jurisdiction of the council of Wales and the Marches, based at Ludlow in Shropshire. this was seen as a benefit as it offered cheap and local access to the law.
• Anglo-Scottish border


  difficult to police, remote and inhospitable

  cattle and sheep rustling on both sides

  3 marches under the control of a warden
• what was the council in the north like?


  hard to govern from london as seen in rebellions

  henry and cromwell re established a permanent council based in york with administrative and legal authority
• when was the dissolution of the monasteries

  1536
• what was the royal injunctions of 1536


  attacked many traditional catholic practises such as holy days, pilgrimages and the veneration of relics.
• what did the royal injunctions cause fear about

  attack on parish churches
• what consequences did the religious upheaval have


  - huge amount of land was removed from the church and taken by the crown. by 1547, henry lost 2/3 of this land due to the warlike foreign policy henry had.

  - many monasteries had educational purposes and provision. with their demise, most monastic schools were also lost.

  -many monks and nuns were unemployed.

  -monasteries offered unemployment and business opportunities
• examples of people that tried to stop the dissolution


  At Hexham in Northumberland,, royal commissioners were prevented from beginning the process of dissolution by a gathering of armed men.
• what were their complaints about in Yorkshire


  about the subsidy to raise money for henry's campaigns in 1513.
• where did the strongest resistance for amicable grant happen


  North essex and South Suffolk
• What did the Earl of Essex report?

  That 1000 people had gathered at the Essex-Suffolk border and were determined to resist payment.
• what did the duke of norfolk and suffolk face

  4000 resisters, in particular, unemployed cloth workers who found it impossible to pay the levy.
• what was the response to this resistance to the amicable grant


  the dukes handled the matter sensitively and the king backed down. wolsey begged the king publicly to offer pardon for those whom he saw as his suffolk countrymen and the leaders of the resistance were treated leniently.
• when was the lincolnshire rising and the pilgrimage of grace


  October 1536
• how did the rebels act in the pilgrimage of grace


  they were more radicalised and more hostile towards the gentry bc of the strength of their grievances against their landlords.
• how was class antagonism shown

  letters sent in the name 'captain poverty
• what was the religious motives for the rebellion


  1. dissolution of the monasteries because:

  -the loss of charitable and educational functions which some monasteries provided

  -possible loss of parish churches which were monastic properties

  -fear that the north would be impoverished by monastic land falling into the hands of southerners

  - the usefulness of the facilities and services that monasteries offered.

  2. fear for parish churches and traditional religious practices (1536 injunctions)

  - celebration of locally improved saints such as st Wilfrid in parts of yorkshire had been discouraged

  -linked to discouragement of pilgrimage

  -rumours that church plate and jewels would be confiscated and parishes might be amalgamated
• how can the importance of monasteries be seen


  the attempts to restore the houses that had been suppressed. the rebel leader, Robert Aske, was a convicted supporter of the monasteries.
• What were the secular motives of the Pilgrimage of Grace?


  1. economic grievances. e.g. resentment of taxation

  2.crown's attempt to impose duke of suffolk upon linconshire as a great magnate may initially have sparked the rebellion in lincolnshire.

  3. could've been a courtly conspiracy by councillors who supported Catherine of Aragon. main motive was restoration as Princess Mary as heir .

  4. the extension of the rebellion west of the pennines into cumberland and westmorland has been linked in particular to tenant's grievances.
• how did the rebellion collapse

  Lincolnshire rebellion: Duke of Suffolk forces

  the king sent army north under the command of the Duke of Norfolk. he was outnumbered at Doncaster . he diffused rebellion through the issue of pardon and promise that the dissolved monasteries will be restored and free parliament established. the king didn't want to honour promises so had the excuse when rebellion was renewed at in Cumberland and the east riding in february 1537. duke of norfolk decared martial law.