Which First World War battles were important for medical treatment?
First Battle of Ypres.
Hill 60.
Second Battle of Ypres.
The Somme.
Third Battle of Ypres.
Arras.
Cambrai.
When did the Germans attack Ypres?
Germany attacked in October-November 1914 (First Battle of Ypres).
There was a second German attack in April-May 1915 (Second Battle of Ypres).
The British attacked from July to November 1917 (Third Battle of Ypres, or Passchendaele).
What was significant about Ypres?
In order to stop the Germans reaching the sea, the British needed to keep control of Ypres. Although the town was in a salient, surrounded on three sides, the Germans never captured the town.
What happened at the First Battle of Ypres?
The Germans attacked the British positions to the east and north-east of Ypres.
When was the First Battle of Ypres?
The First Battle of Ypres was between 12thOctober and 11th November, 1914.
How many British died in the first battle of Ypres?
50,000 British troops were lost in this battle.
Who won the First Battle of Ypres?
The Germans won the battle, although the British did hold on to Ypres. This was important, as Ypres provided access to the ports to England, which meant that supplies could still be brought in.
What happened at Hill 60?
During the First Battle of Ypres in 1914, the Germans captured Hill 60, just south of the town. The British tunnelled under the hill and placed 5 mines under it, which blew up the German defences. The British then recaptured the hill.
When was Hill 60 attacked?
Hill 60 was captured by the Germans in December 1914, and the British took it back in April 1915.
Why was Hill 60 important?
Hill 60 gave the advantage of highground in otherwise very flat terrain.
What was the Second Battle of Ypres?
In the Second Battle of Ypres, the Germans attacked, moving two miles closer to the town.
When was the Second Battle of Ypres?
The Battle happened between 22nd April and 25th May, 1915.
How many BEF died in the Second Battle of Ypres?
59,000 British men died in the battle.
Why is the Second Battle of Ypres significant?
Gas was used as a weapon for the first time. In this instance the Germans used chlorine gas
What was the Battle of the Somme?
The Battle of the Somme was fought by British and French forces against the Germans. It was part of an offensive to force the Germans back and achieve victory on the Western Front.
When was the Battle of the Somme?
The battle took place from 1st July, 1916 to 18th November, 1916.
Why was the Somme Offensive launched?
It was part of an offensive to force the Germans back and achieve victory on the Western Front. It was also launched to help relieve pressure on the French, who were under attack at Verdun to the south.
What were the consequences of the Battle of the Somme?
On the first day there were up to 57,000 British casualties compared with the Germans' 8,000. by November, casualties numbered 620,000 for the Allies and 450,000 for the Germans.
At most, the Allies advanced by 15km along just part of the Western Front. The expected breakthrough never occurred.
However, the Germans called off their attacks at Verdun, saving the French army there.
The Allies developed new technology (the tank) and tactics (the creeping barrage), which contributed to victory later.
Why was the Battle of the Somme unsuccessful?
The Germans knew the attack was coming due to aerial reconnaissance. They moved away from the front line into strengthened trenches, some as deep as 12 metres.
before the attack, 1.73 million shells were fired at the German lines. However, they were not effective in destroying German dugouts or cutting the barbed wire. over a third of those shells fired were 'duds' and failed to explode.
General Haig told soldiers to advanceslowly towards the enemy trenches. He believed they would be undefended; but they were not, and heavy casualties occurred.
What happend at the Battle of Arras?
During the Battle of Arras, 24,000 British and Canadians attacked the German line from where they had gathered in tunnels. The British gained eight miles of ground.
When was the Battle of Arras?
The Battle of Arras occurred between April and May 1917.
How many British casualties were there at the Battle of Arras?
Over 160,000 British and Canadian troops were injured or died in the Battle of Arras.
Why is the Battle of Arras significant?
More than 2.5 miles of tunnels were dug beneath Arras, to allow the British to move and shelter from German attacks.
What was the Battle of Passchendaele?
The Battle of Passchendaele was a joint British and Canadian offensive against the Germans, led by General Haig.
When was the Battle of Passchendaele?
The battle began in July 1917 and finished on 10th November 1917.
Where was the Battle of Passchendaele?
The battle took place in Passchendaele in the Ypres Salient.
What were the aims of the Battle of Passchendaele?
Haig wanted to break through German lines and control the coast. He wanted to capture naval bases to make it harder for the Germans to carry out submarine attacks on British ships.
What were the results of the Battle of Passchendaele?
After three months of fighting, Passchendaele was captured and Haig could claim victory.
The battle came at a cost. A total of 240,000 British and 220,000 German soldiers were wounded or killed.
In total, the Allies captured around 8km of territory, and Haig failed to achieve his main objective.
Why did the Battle of the Passchendaele fail?
As with the Somme, the Germans were aware of the coming attack.
Heavy rains turned the battlefield into a quagmire. Soldiers were knee-deep in liquid mud, making it difficult to move.
What happened at Cambrai?
Tanks were used to move quickly across the barbed wire to attack the Germans. Big gains were made on the first night, but the Germans launched a counterattack and won back almost all of the territory.
When was the Battle of Cambrai?
The Battle of Cambrai was fought between 20th November and 4th December, 1917.
How many British casualties were there at the Battle of Cambrai?
There were 44,000 British casualties in the Battle of Cambrai.
Why is the Battle of Cambrai significant?
The Battle of Cambrai was the first battle that involved the large-scale use of tanks. Almost 500 were used.
What was the trench system?
Both sides dug networks of trenches to hold their positions on the Western Front. As they were developed they became more sophisticated, and became the soldiers' homes as well as where they fought.
What were the key features of the trench system?
Frontline trench. This was the first line of defence, and soldiers attacked from here.
Support trench. This had support troops, and was also a place to retreat to if the front line was attacked and over-run.
Reserve trench. This was sited 100m behind the support trench. Troops could rest here when they were not on the front line.
Dugouts. These were holes, dug into the sides of trenches, where men could sleep or take cover.
More key features of the trench system?
Communication trenches. These were used to connect the other trenches together.
Trenches were cut in a zigzag pattern to stop bullets travelling a long way down them during an attack, or to stop explosions from travelling along the whole trench.
No man's land. This was the space between the front lines of each side's trenches.
What new injuries were caused by the new weapons in the First World War?
The rapid developments in military technology meant medical staff had to learn to treat new injuries caused by the new weaponry. These included shrapnel and large explosive wounds, head injuries, gas, and shell shock.
What sort of injuries were caused by First World War weapons?
Bullets from rifles and machine guns, as well as sharp pieces of metal (shrapnel), could become deeply embedded in the body.
Flying metal from explosive shells, called shrapnel, fired by heavy artillery, could cause large, tearing wounds.
Bullets could break bones, which then stuck out through the skin. This was called a compound fracture.
There was a huge increase in head injuries from explosions and bullets.
Poison gas could cause respiratory problems, blindness, and burns
What was the effect of mud on the Western Front?
The mud also contained manure and fertilisers. Soldiers had to stand and live in wet, muddy conditions for long periods of time.
What problems did mud cause to medical staff in the First World War?
Trench foot was a condition caused by prolonged exposure to the damp and cold. Soldiers' feet were frequently soaked and immersed in mud and water, and could not be dried. The skin rotted, which was incredibly painful, and sometimes led to amputation.
Mud could enter soldiers' bodies and wounds along with bullets or shrapnel, causing infection.
Explosives churned up the land. Many soldiers were drowned and lost in the deep churned mud.