humoral

• what is the secondary response?

  with memory cells in body

  • response: more rapid persistent and increases number AB produced
• what is primary response?

  Takes time:

  • Pathogen/AG must be recognised
  • B cell need to clone, multiply and produce memory and plasma cells
• where does humoral response take place?

  Fluid (not cell)
• define humoral immune response?

  When infected, AB produced and released in blood and lymph, before pathogen enter cells.
• Process:

  1. AG or helper T cell activates specific B cell in lymph
  2. Trigger B cell to enlarge and form clones
  3. -> most become: Plasma: secrete specific AB to attach to AG
  4. -> some: Memory cells: allow faster, stronger response if AG enter body again. Spread -> all body tissue and remain in body forever
• how do antibodies work?

  Lysin activity: dissolves and kill bacteria

  Agglutination: clump AG; easy to engulf

  Neutralise toxin

  Increase phagocytes activity by increasing opsonins

  React with soluble pathogen to make it insoluble -> can be phagocytosed

  Deactivate by inhibit reactions
• how does B cell recognise the AG?

  Macrophages engulfs pathogen (phagocytosis)

  • macrophage displays AG on surface
  • B cells recognise AG
• TOTAL PROCESS?

  macrophage engulf pathogen (phagocytosis)

  1. Macrophage display AG on surface
  2. B cells recognise AG
  3. B cells sensitised, enlarge and form clones:
  4. plasma: secrete specific AB attach to AG
  5. MEMORY: allow faster, stronger response if AB enter body again
• macrophage engulf pathogen (phagocytosis)

  1. Macrophage display AG on surface
  2. B cells recognise AG
  3. B cells sensitised, enlarge and form clones:
  4. plasma: secrete specific AB attach to AG
  5. MEMORY: allow faster, stronger response if AB enter body again
• why would a person be protected from a virus if they had the vaccine?

  Memory cells formed in primary exposure -> recognise AG rapidly

  At secondary exposure, memory cells divide to form plasma cells

  Produce larger number of AB