mutations

• nonsense: mutation results in on of the three stop codons
• missense: results in a different amino acid sequence being coded for
• silent: although there's a different codon, the same amino acid is coded for
• which two types of mutations cause a frameshift?

  insertion and deletion
• deletion: position of a nucleotide being changed is point mutation
• name the three effects of mutations

  neutral

  harmful

  beneficial
• neutral effect of mutation: normal functioning proteins still synthesised - phenotype of organism
• harmful effect: proteins not synthesised or are non-functional - phenotype of organism is negatively impacted
• beneficial effect: protein synthesised with new and useful characteristics in the phenotype
• causes of mutations:

  occur naturally

  increased by mutagens (X-rays, UV, etc.)