wrong qs

• order of events

  animals -> vertebrates-> land plants
• altruistic behaviour


  increased chances of survival of shared genes in the recipient’s offspring or future offspring.
• in light dependant stage electrons transferred because..

  pigment molecules absorb energy
• horizontal gene transfer is

  rapid
• safety method used to prevent survival of gm organisms

  Genes are often introduced that prevent the survival of the micro-organism in an external environment.
• what is the role of NADPH in calvin cycle

  passes hydrogen to form G3P
• non coding regions 


  are transcribed to tRNA
• drone bees

  fertilise eggs
• stage 2 of DNA replication

  primers anneal to target sequences
• role of electrons in ETC


  movement of electrons releases energy to transport hydrogen ions along membrane

  flow of hydrogen through ATP synthase produces ATP
• social higherarchy advantage

  reduces conflict
• why decreased biodiversity in habitat fragments ?

  increased comp for food and decreases biodiversity
• alternative splicing

  Different exons are joined together in the mature transcript
• ecological advantage of producing antibiotic

  Reduces competition for resources
• impact of bottleneck

  • genetic variety lost
  • inbreeding leads to lower reproductive rates
• from a prokaryote to a eukaryote


  results in the formation of a polypeptide molecule which is inactive because it is not folded properly or lacks certain post translational modifications which are essential for it to function
• when temp decreases


  increase metabolic rate so more heat produced
• two primers are used because PCR


  one primer is needed for each strand
• splice site causes


  shorter protein
• embryo good as 


  reduces animal testing
• how does increased env temp increase metabolic rate

  Enzymes work faster so there is increased respiration rate
• split of water into H and O

  photolysis
• habitat corridor advantage


  allows movement between fragments

  so more access to food and mates

  increases gene flow between fragmentss