STS FINALS 06

• nanoscale - is one important interdisciplinary area generated by advancement in science and technology. 
• nanomaterials - Scientists and engineers were able to build materials with innovative properties as they manipulate ______.
• Research and application of knowledge on nanomaterials will continue to bring widespread implications in various areas of the society, especially: health care, environment, energy, food, water, and agriculture
• Nanotechnology refers to the science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers
• Nanotechnology refers to the science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers
• Nanoscience and nanotechnology employs the study and application of exceptionally small things in other areas of science including materials science, engineering, physics, biology, and chemistry
• Nanoscience and nanotechnology employs the study and application of exceptionally small things in other areas of science including

  • materials science
  • engineering
  • physics
  • biology
  • chemistry
• The concepts of nanotechnology and nanoscience started in December 29, 1959
• The concepts of nanotechnology and nanoscience started in December 29, 1959 when Physicists Richard Freyman discussed a method in which scientists can direct and control individual atoms and molecules in his talk “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” during the American Physical Society meeting at the California Institute of Technology. 
• Richard Freyman discussed a method in which scientists can direct and control individual atoms and molecules in his talk: “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”
• Norio Taniguchi -The term nanotechnology was coined by Professor _ _ a decade after the dawn of the use of ultraprecision machining
• A nanometer is a billionth of a meter, or 10⁹ of a meter.
• The various types of nanomaterials are classified according to their individual shapes and sizes. They may be particles, tubes, wires, films, flakes, or shells that have one or more nanometer-sized dimensions.
• Scientists use special types of microscopes to view minute nanomaterials. 
• During the early 1930s, scientists used electron microscopes and field microscopes to look at the nanoscale. 
• During the early 1930s, scientists used electron microscopes and field microscopes to look at the nanoscale. 
• scanning tunneling microscope and atomic force microscope - The _ _ _ _ _ are just among the modern and remarkable advancements in microscopy. 
• German engineers Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll built the first electron microscope during 1930’s.
• Electron microscope - This type of microscope utilizes a particle beam of electrons to light up a specimen and develop a well-magnified image. 
• Electron microscopes produce higher and better resolution than older a million times while conventional light microscopes can magnify objects up to 1,500 times only. 
• Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope - the two general types of electron microscope. 
• Atomic Force Microscope - It was first developed by Gerd Binig, Calvin Quate, and Christoph Gerber in 1986.
• Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) It was first developed by Gerd Binig, Calvin Quate, and Christoph Gerber in 1986.
• Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) It was first developed by Gerd Binig, Calvin Quate, and Christoph Gerber in 1986.
• Atomic Force Microscope - It makes use of a mechanical probe that gathers information from the surface of a material.
• Scanning tunneling microscope - This special type of microscope enables scientists to view and manipulate nanoscale particles, atoms, and small molecules. 
• Scanning tunneling microscope - In 1986, Gerd Binig and Heinrich Rohrer won the Nobel Prize in Physics because of this invention.
• Scanning tunneling microscope - In 1986, Gerd Binig and Heinrich Rohrer won the Nobel Prize in Physics because of this invention.
• Nanomanufacturing - It refers to scaled-up, reliable, and cost-effective manufacturing of nanoscale materials, structures, devices, and systems. It also involves research, improvement, and incorporation of processes for the construction of materials. 
• nanomanufacturing leads to the development of new products and improved material
• There are two fundamental approaches to nanomanufacturing, either:

  • bottom-up
  • top-down
• Bottom-up fabrication - It manufactures products by building them up from atomic- and molecular-scale components. However, this method can be time-consuming.
• Top-down fabrication  - It trims down large pieces of materials into the nanoscale. This process needs larger amounts of materials and discards excess raw materials.
• There are new approaches to the assembly of nanomaterials based on the application of principles in top-down and bottom-up fabrication. These include: 

  • Dip pen lithography
  • Self-assembly
  • Chemical vapor deposition
  • Nanoimprint lithography
  • Molecular beam epitaxy
  • Atomic layer epitaxy
• Dip pen lithography -It is a method in which the tip of an atomic force microscope is "dipped" into a chemical fluid and then utilized to "write" on a surface, like an old-fashioned ink pen onto paper. 
• Self-assembly - It depicts an approach wherein a set of components join together to mold an organized structure in the absence of an outside direction.
• Chemical vapor deposition - It is a procedure wherein chemicals act in response to form very pure, high-performance films.
• Nanoimprint lithography - It is a method of generating nanoscale attributes by "stamping" or "printing" them onto a surface.
• Molecular beam epitaxy - It is one method for depositing extremely controlled thin films. Roll-to-roll processing It is a high-volume practice for constructing nanoscale devices on a roll of ultrathin plastic or metal
• Atomic layer epitaxy -It is a means for laying down one-atom-thick layers on a surface.