Finals-org chem (lec)

• Alcohol


  Formed by at least one hydroxyl group (OH) attached to a saturated hydrocarbon
• Alcohol


  Considered a derivative of water in which one hydrocarbon atom is replaced by an OH group
• Alcohol


  • Colorless, flammable liquids with blue flame
  • Most alcohols are liquid at room temp.
  • Generally, the properties of alcohol depend on the number of carbon atoms
• Classification of alcohol


  • Primary alcohol: only one R group (a.k.a alkyl group) is attached
  • Secondary alcohol: two R groups are attached
  • Tertiary alcohol: three R groups are attached
• Classification of alcohol


  • Monohydric alcohol: only one OH group is attached
  • Dihydric alcohol: two OH groups are attached
  • Trihydric/polyhydric alcohol: three or more OH groups are attached
• Branching


  Affects the properties of alcohol
• Number of R groups


  Affects the solubility of alcohol
• Number of C atoms


  Affects the solubility of alcohol
• Branching


  Affects the solubility of alcohol
• Number of C atoms


  Affects the boiling point of alcohol
• Branching


  Affects the boiling point of alcohol
• Number of C atoms


  Affects the acidity of alcohol
• Branching


  Affects the acidity of alcohol
• Reactions of Alcohol


  1. Alcohol, the reducing agent, gains oxygen as it loses hydrogen

  2. The oxidizing agent loses oxygen as it gains hydrogen

  3. Products: aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid
• Reactions of Alcohol


  1. Alcohol, the oxidizing agent, loses oxygen as it gains hydrogen

  2. The reducing agent gains oxygen as it loses hydrogen

  3. Alcohol goes through dehydration first before proceeding to reduction

  4. H₂ is added to form alkane
• Reactions of Alcohol


  1. Alcohol loses its water molecule when reacting with any protic acid

  2. It is an example of beta elimination reaction since two functional groups were lost, H and OH

  3. H₂SO₄ is introduced to form alkene
• Pharmaceutical Importance of Alcohol


  • Preservative
  • Crystallization
  • Extraction
  • Medicine formulation
  • Antiseptic
  • Disinfectant
  • Diluent
  • Solvent
• Phenol


  Formed by the OH group attached to a benzene ring
• Classification of Phenol


  • Monohydric phenol: only one OH group is attached
  • Dihydric phenol: two OH groups are attached
  • Trihydric/polyhydric phenol: three or more OH groups are attached
• Number of C atoms


  Affects the solubility of Phenol
• Number of C atoms


  Affects the boiling point of Phenol
• Stability


  Affects the acidity of Phenol
• Reactions of Phenol


  1. Phenol, the reducing agent, gains oxygen as it loses hydrogen

  2. The oxidizing agent loses oxygen as it gains hydrogen

  3. Product: benzoquinone (para-, ortho-)
• Reactions of Phenol


  1. Phenol, the oxidizing agent, loses oxygen as it gains hydrogen

  2. The reducing agent gains oxygen as it loses hydrogen

  3. Product: benzene
• Pharmaceutical Importance of Phenol


  • Antiseptic
  • Disinfectant
  • Antioxidant
  • Sore throat spray
  • Vaccine preservative
  • Oral analgesic/anesthetic
• Ether


  Formed by two aryl or alkyl groups attached to an oxygen atom
• Classification of Ether


  • Symmetrical: identical alkyl or aryl groups on both sides of O atom
  • Asymmetrical: different alkyl or aryl groups on both sides of O atom
• Classification of Ether


  • Aliphatic: no aryl group is attached to the ether oxygen
  • Aromatic: at least one aryl group is attached to the ether oxygen
• Number of C atoms


  Affects the solubility of Ether
• Ether has a much lower boiling point than alcohol and phenol due to the absence of an OH group
• Even with increased number of C atoms, the boiling point of ether is still low since there is no OH group
• Ether


  With the absence of an OH group, ethers do not perform hydrogen bonding, which means their bonds are mainly non-polar
• Ether


  Low polarity = less acidity, ethers are less acidic than alcohols and phenols
• Ether


  With ether having non-polar bonds, it has more stability, thus having low reactivity
• Ether


  Low reactivity makes them inert in nature, however, its two lone pairs on the oxygen atom helps with a bit of reactivity
• Reactions of Ether


  Carbon-oxygen bond is broken when a strong acid reacts with ether, forming an alkyl halide and alcohol
• Pharmaceutical Importance of Ether


  • Antiseptic
  • Solvent
  • Anaesthetic
  • Paint
  • Perfuming & flavouring agent
  • Recreational drugs