BGL

• alpha and beta cells ar?

  pancreatic islet cells

  • pancreas
• what does insulin do ?

  lower BGL
• what does alpha cells do?

  secrete glucagon, increase BGL

  1. stimulates glycogenolysis: breakdown glycogen -> glucose
  2. stimulates gluconeogenesis: production of glucose from molecules (AA, fat)
  3. promote protein breakdown: Free AA for gluconeogenesis
• WHat does BETA CELL do?

  secrete insulin, lowers BGL

  1. Promote uptake of glucose in cell
  2. increase rate of glycogenesis: produce glycogen from glucose
  3. Increase fat production from glucose
  4. Increase protein synthesis: decrease AA for gluconeogenesis
• How do ADRENAL GLANDS play a role in regulation of BGL?

  Adrenal cortex, stimulated by ACTH: secretes CORTISOL

  • Regulates carbohydrate metabolism
  • Ensure all cells have sufficient glucose

  Thus, stimulates glycogenolysis and increase gluconeogenesis

  • Increase BGL
• how does adrenal medulla affect BGL?

  Stimulates by sympathetic nervous system, secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline

  • both increase BGL available for increased rate of cellular metabolism for flight/fight response
• where is glycogen found?

  liver

  skeletal muscle
• rOLE OF LIVER:?

  Converts glucose <-> glycogen

  blood glucose has 4 options:

  1. Removed from blood for storage as glycogen in liver
  2. continue circulate body; cell fuel
  3. Excess glucose -> fat
  4. Removed; fuel liver cell
• high BGL


  stimulus: increased BGL

  receptor: chemoreceptors in Beta Cells

  Modulator: beta cells release insulin

  effector: liver/skeletal muscles

  Response: glycogenesis, increase fat production, increase cell uptake of glucose, increase protein synthesis

  feedback: decreased bgl